[Federal Register: May 6, 2008 (Volume 73, Number 88)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Page 25353-25395]
From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access [wais.access.gpo.gov]
[DOCID:fr06my08-35]
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Part III
Department of the Interior
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Fish and Wildlife Services
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50 CFR Part 17
Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Designation of Critical
Habitat for the Louisiana Black Bear (Ursus americanus luteolus);
Proposed Rule
[[Page 25354]]
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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Fish and Wildlife Service
50 CFR Part 17
[FWS-R4-ES-2008-0047; 92210-1117-0000-FY08-B4]
RIN 1018-AV52
Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Designation of
Critical Habitat for the Louisiana Black Bear (Ursus americanus
luteolus)
AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.
ACTION: Proposed rule.
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SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), propose to
designate critical habitat for the Louisiana black bear under the
Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (Act). Concurrently, we
withdraw our December 2, 1993, proposal for Louisiana black bear
critical habitat (58 FR 63560). In total, approximately 1,330,000 acres
(538,894 hectares (ha)) fall within the boundaries of this proposed
critical habitat designation. The proposed critical habitat is located
in Avoyelles, East Carroll, Catahoula, Concordia, Franklin, Iberia,
Iberville, Madison, Pointe Coupee, Richland, St. Martin, St. Mary,
Tensas, West Carroll, and West Feliciana Parishes, Louisiana.
DATES: We will accept comments received or postmarked on or before July
7, 2008. We must receive requests for public hearings, in writing, at
the address shown in the ADDRESSES section by June 20, 2008.
ADDRESSES: You may submit comments by one of the following methods:
Federal eRulemaking Portal: http://www.regulations.gov.
Follow the instructions for submitting comments.
U.S. mail or hand-delivery: Public Comments Processing,
Attn: FWS-R4-ES-2008-0047; Division of Policy and Directives
Management; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; 4401 N. Fairfax Drive,
Suite 222; Arlington, VA 22203.
We will not accept e-mail or faxes. We will post all comments on
http://www.regulations.gov. This generally means that we will post any
personal information you provide us (see the Public Comments section
below for more information).
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: James Boggs, Field Supervisor, U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service, Louisiana Fish and Wildlife Office, 646
Cajundome Boulevard, Suite 400, Lafayette, LA 70506; telephone 337-291-
3100; facsimile [337-291-3139]. If you use a telecommunications device
for the deaf (TDD), call the Federal Information Relay Service (FIRS)
at 800-877-8339.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
Public Comments
We intend that any final action resulting from this proposal will
be as accurate and as effective as possible. Therefore, we request
comments or suggestions on this proposed rule. We particularly seek
comments concerning:
(1) The reasons why we should or should not designate habitat as
``critical habitat'' under section 4 of the Act (16 U.S.C. 1531 et
seq.), including whether there are threats to the species from human
activity, the degree of which can be expected to increase due to the
designation, and whether the benefit of designation would outweigh
threats to the species caused by the designation, such that the
designation of critical habitat is prudent.
(2) Specific information on:
The amount and distribution of Louisiana black bear
habitat,
What areas occupied at the time of listing that contain
features essential for the conservation of the species we should
include in the designation and why,
What areas not occupied at the time of listing are
essential to the conservation of the species and why, and
Data or comments to assist us in more clearly defining and
delineating critical habitat boundaries.
(3) Land use designations and current or planned activities in the
subject areas and their possible impacts on proposed critical habitat.
(4) Any foreseeable economic, national security, or other relevant
impacts resulting from the proposed designation, and, in particular,
any impacts on small entities, and the benefits of including or
excluding areas that exhibit these impacts.
(5) Whether we could improve or modify our approach to designating
critical habitat in any way to provide for greater public participation
and understanding, or to better accommodate public concerns and
comments.
(6) Whether the benefits of exclusion of any particular area from
critical habitat would outweigh the benefits of inclusion under section
4(b)(2) of the Act, and more specifically, whether U.S. Department of
Agriculture (USDA) Wetland Reserve Program permanent easements on
privately owned lands provide sufficient protection and management to
satisfy the criteria necessary for exclusion from critical habitat
(i.e., the benefits of exclusion outweigh the benefits of inclusion).
You may submit your comments and materials concerning this proposed
rule by one of the methods listed in the ADDRESSES section. We will not
consider comments sent by e-mail or fax or to an address not listed in
the ADDRESSES section.
If you submit a comment via http://www.regulations.gov, your entire
comment--including any personal identifying information--will be posted
on the Web site. If you submit a hardcopy comment that includes
personal identifying information, you may request at the top of your
document that we withhold this information from public review. However,
we cannot guarantee that we will be able to do so. We will post all
hardcopy comments on http://www.regulations.gov.
Comments and materials we receive, as well as supporting
documentation we used in preparing this proposed rule, will be
available for public inspection on http://www.regulations.gov, or by
appointment, during normal business hours, at the U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, Louisiana Fish and Wildlife Office (see FOR FURTHER
INFORMATION CONTACT).
Background
It is our intent to discuss only those topics directly relevant to
the designation of critical habitat in this proposed rule. For more
information on the threatened Louisiana black bear or its habitat,
refer to the final listing rule published in the Federal Register on
January 7, 1992 (57 FR 588), and to our 1995 final recovery plan, which
is available online at http://www.regulations.gov or from the Louisiana
Fish and Wildlife Office (see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT).
This proposal replaces our original critical habitat proposal for
the Louisiana black bear published on December 2, 1993 (58 FR 63560).
In that rule, we proposed three critical habitat units encompassing
most of the Lower Mississippi River Valley in Louisiana: (1) Tensas
River Basin (1,671,782 ac (676,546 ha)), a small portion of which was
located in the State of Mississippi lying west of the Mississippi River
Main channel; (2) Atchafalaya Floodway (978,279 ac (395,895 ha)); and
(3) Lower Iberia-St. Mary Parish (364,770 ac (147,617 ha)). The total
area within the proposed boundary was approximately 3 million acres
(1,220,058 ha), of which approximately 1.25 million acres (505,857 ha)
were estimated to contain the essential physical and biological
features. There has been a significant amount of new information
gathered
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about this subspecies and its habitat since 1993. We are therefore
withdrawing our original December 2, 1993, proposal to consider that
new information and to comply with a September 5, 2007, order from the
U.S. District Court for the Western District of Louisiana (see Previous
Federal Actions section).
The Louisiana black bear is one of 16 subspecies of the American
black bear (Ursus americanus). The black bear is a large, bulky mammal
with long black hair and a short, well-haired tail. The facial profile
is blunt, the eyes small, and the nose pad broad with large nostrils.
There are five toes with short, curved claws on the front and hind
feet. Although weight varies considerably throughout their range, adult
male black bears can weigh more than 600 pounds (lbs) (272 kilograms
(kg)); adult females generally weigh less than 300 lbs (136 kg) (Pelton
1982, p. 504). The median estimated weights for male and female
Louisiana black bears in north Louisiana were 292 lbs (133 kg) and 147
lbs (67 kg) respectively (Weaver 1999, p. 26).
Bear activity revolves primarily around the search for food, water,
cover, and mates during the breeding season. Bears are best described
as opportunistic feeders, as they eat almost anything that is
available; thus, they are typically omnivorous (Pelton 1982, p. 504).
Their diet varies seasonally and includes primarily succulent
vegetation during spring, fruits and grains in summer, and hard mast
(such as acorns and pecans) during fall (Weaver 1999, pp. 149, 157).
Black bears utilize all levels of the forest for feeding; they can
gather foods from tree tops and vines, but also grub in fallen logs for
insects. The growth rate, maximum size, breeding age, litter size, and
cub survival of black bears are all correlated with nutrition (Black
Bear Conservation Committee (BBCC) 1997, p. 17).
Home range sizes vary annually and seasonally (BBCC 2005, p. 11)
and home range configuration appears to be influenced by available
forest cover (Marchinton 1995, p. 48). Black bears do not truly
hibernate, but go through a dormancy period termed ``carnivoran
lethargy,'' which is a period of torpor which helps them survive food
shortages and severe weather during the winter. In warmer climates,
such as in Louisiana, bears can remain active all winter (Wagner 1995,
pp. 24-25). Bears den in heavy cover or tree cavities during the winter
months (Weaver 1999, p. 118) and den type may vary depending on the
habitat. Cubs are born in winter dens at the end of January or the
beginning of February (Weaver 1990, p. 5). Bears may enter dens between
November and early January depending on latitude, available food, sex,
age, and local weather conditions (Weaver 1990, p. 6). Adult females
generally enter the den first, followed by subadults and adult males.
At the end of the dormancy period, females with cubs are usually the
last to leave the den. Adult male bears generally have home ranges 3 to
8 times larger than adult females (Pelton 1982, p. 507) and have been
observed to travel up to 35 miles (mi) (56 kilometers (km)) from their
capture site (BBCC 2005, p. 11). Changes in food resources can provide
the stimulus for extensive movements (Pelton 1982, p. 507).
Additionally, older adult males exert social pressure on younger bears,
especially during the spring and summer breeding season, forcing them
to disperse to other areas (Pelton 1982, p. 507).
Like other black bears, the Louisiana black bear is a habitat
generalist. Large tracts of bottomland hardwood (BLH) forest
communities having high species and age class diversity can provide for
the black bear's life requisites (e.g., escape cover, denning sites,
and hard and soft mast supplies) without intensive management (BBCC
2005, p. 21). We use the term BLH forest community with no particular
inference to hydrologic influence; we use this term to mean forests
within southeastern United States floodplains which can consist of a
number of woody species occupying positions of dominance and co-
dominance (BBCC 1997, p. 15). Other habitat types may be utilized,
including marsh; upland forested areas; forested spoil areas along
bayous, brackish marsh, and freshwater marsh; salt domes; and
agricultural fields (Nyland 1995, p. 48; Weaver 1999, p. 157). Large
cavity trees (especially cypress or tupelo gum) that are commonly found
along water courses are important for denning.
The Louisiana black bear was once a common inhabitant of forested
areas in east Texas, Louisiana, and southern Mississippi (BBCC 1997, p.
10). Bear densities were likely highest within BLH and oak-hickory
forest communities where hard mast production was greater than in other
habitats (BBCC 1997, p. 12). While Hall included the southernmost
counties in Arkansas as part of the historic range (1981, p. 950),
there were no data to support doing so at the time of listing;
accordingly, Arkansas is not considered part of the listed range
(January 7, 1992; 57 FR 588).
The Louisiana black bear was listed as threatened under the Act on
January 7, 1992 (57 FR 588), due to extensive habitat loss and
modification, as well as the ongoing threats of continued habitat
modification and human-related mortality. More than 80 percent of
suitable Louisiana black bear habitat had been lost by the time of
listing (1992) primarily due to clearing land for agriculture (Weaver
1990, p. 1); the remaining habitat quality had been reduced by
fragmentation and human activities. At that time, Louisiana black bears
were generally known to occur in the Lower Mississippi River Alluvial
Valley BLH forest communities of the Tensas River Basin of northeastern
Louisiana and the Atchafalaya River Basin in central and southern
Louisiana (Weaver 1990, p. 2; BBCC, 1997, p. 12); however, occupied
habitat had not been definitively delineated. Those forest communities
were likely sites for population persistence due to their remoteness
and habitat productivity (BBCC 1997, p. 13). All known breeding
populations were believed to be demographically isolated at the time of
listing (BBCC 1997, p. 10). Bears had been occasionally reported in
Louisiana outside of these areas, but it was unknown if those bears
were reproducing females or only wandering subadults and adult males.
Black bears were also known to exist in Mississippi along the
Mississippi River (Weaver 1990, p. 2) and smaller areas in the lower
East Pearl River and lower Pascagoula River basins of southern
Mississippi (Weaver 1990, p. 2). The last native breeding group in
Mississippi was last documented about 1980 (Nowak 1986, p. 7). Except
for wanderers, the bear has not appeared in eastern Texas for many
years (Nowak 1986, p. 7).
We use the term ``breeding habitat'' for the Louisiana black bear
to indicate areas with physical evidence of reproduction (young,
females with young, or lactating females). Louisiana black bear
resource managers and biologists commonly refer to such areas as
occupied habitat (USFWS 1995, p. 2; BBCC 1997, p. 72); however, we will
use the term ``occupied habitat'' to indicate the subspecies' presence
in an area at the time of listing. In contrast to sightings of adults
without reproductive information, reproduction is considered evidence
of a resident bear population. Dispersal by female black bears is
uncommon and typically is of a short distance (Rogers 1987, p. 43).
Male black bear home ranges usually encompass several female home
ranges (Rogers 1987, p. 19). For instance, in the Tensas population,
most male Louisiana black bear home ranges (95 percent minimum convex
polygon (MCP)) were observed to include numerous female
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home ranges (Weaver 1999, p. 74 and p. 308, Figure E-5). Therefore,
while breeding habitat does not necessarily include all areas where
individual bears may occur, it does encompass the areas known to
support resident, reproducing populations. Clark et al. (2005, p. 246)
used a similar method to update black bear distribution maps for the
southeastern United States. Clark (1999, p. 105) states researchers and
managers should focus on the population parameters of greatest
consequence to population growth. Adult female survival is the most
influential factor affecting black bear population growth (Clark 1999,
pp. 103-105). Hellgren and Vaughan (1994, p. 283) conclude that managed
female survival is a critical conservation need. The Black Bear
Conservation Committee's (BBCC) restoration plan identified breeding
habitats (as defined above) as those areas where essential management
and restoration activities for the Louisiana black bear must be focused
(BBCC 1997, p. 4).
Currently, Louisiana black bear breeding populations are
predominantly restricted to three disjunct core (concentrated)
populations, the Tensas, and the Upper Atchafalaya, and the Lower
Atchafalaya River Basins, Louisiana. A fourth additional, newly
forming, repatriation core population occurs in east-central Louisiana,
in the vicinity of the Red River and Three Rivers Wildlife Management
Areas (WMA), and Lake Ophelia National Wildlife Refuge (NWR). The
Tensas River Basin (Tensas) breeding population occurs on a complex of
BLH forests comprised of Tensas River NWR, adjacent Big Lake WMA, and
four nearby small, relatively isolated, forested tracts formerly owned
by Deltic Timber Corporation (now owned by Epps Plantation) in Tensas,
Madison, Franklin, East Carroll, and Richland Parishes in Louisiana.
The Deltic tracts support one of the highest densities of black bears
reported for the southeastern coastal plain (Beausoleil 1999, p. 80).
The Deltic tracts are approximately 14 mi (23.5 km) north of the Tensas
River NWR; their closest areas are separated by only 2.5 mi (4 km) and
by U.S. Interstate 20 (I-20). Historically, Louisiana black bears
inhabiting the Tensas River NWR group have generally been considered a
separate group of bears from those inhabiting the Deltic tracts. Only
one instance of a bear moving between these two areas has been
documented (Anderson 1997, p. 70). Though the two subgroups are
separated by I-20 and U.S. Highway 80, a significant amount of habitat
between those subgroups has been restored primarily within the last 10
years. Increased sightings and vehicular mortality of bears in the
vicinity of I-20 indicate that bears are attempting to disperse (Benson
2005, p. 97). The 6 bear mortalities documented on I-20 in 2004 and the
continuing regular occurrence of mortalities, versus the total of 5
mortalities in the previous 10 years indicate that bears are moving
between these previously isolated populations (LDWF 2007, p. 20) and
that the two subgroups have likely begun to function as one population.
Two Louisiana black bear populations are located in the Atchafalaya
River Basin (BBCC 1997, p. 10). The Upper Atchafalaya River Basin
population (Upper Atchafalaya) is located primarily within the Morganza
Floodway and the forested areas between that Floodway and False River
in Pointe Coupee Parish in Louisiana, and is approximately 110 mi (177
km) south of the Tensas population. Much of the land between these two
populations has been cleared for agricultural use. The Lower
Atchafalaya River Basin population (Lower Atchafalaya) is found
primarily south of U.S. Highway 90 (Hwy. 90) and west of the lower
Atchafalaya River and Delta, in the coastal area of St. Mary and Iberia
Parishes. It is located approximately 70 mi (113 km) south of the Upper
Atchafalaya population and is separated from that population by U.S.
Interstate 10, Hwy. 90, the Atchafalaya River, Bayou Teche,
agricultural lands, developed areas, and permanently and seasonally
inundated portions of the Atchafalaya River Basin, which is not
currently believed to contain breeding bears due to the flooding
regime. Population expansion in the coastal area is limited by
development along Hwy. 90 to the north, and by the surrounding coastal
marsh, which is believed to be unsuitable for sustaining bear
populations.
A fourth breeding population has been recently established in
Avoyelles and Concordia Parishes, Louisiana, near the confluence of the
Mississippi and Red Rivers, an area containing approximately 100,000 ac
(40,469 ha) of publicly owned, forested land. This area is separated
from the Tensas and the Upper Atchafalaya populations primarily by
agricultural lands. As the result of a multi-agency repatriation
project, 36 adult females and 82 cubs have been relocated to public
lands in this area between 2001 and 2007, to reduce demographic
isolation of existing populations (LDWF 2007, p. 15). This project was
developed on the assumption that relocated females would remain at the
new location and would be discovered by males traveling through the
area. Natural reproduction of those bears was first documented in 2005,
and reproduction has since been documented in 5 litters (LDWF 2006, p.
1), resulting in an additional breeding population in Louisiana.
Louisiana black bear reproduction was speculated to occur in
Mississippi at the time of listing (1992) (Stinson 1996, p. 15), but
was not confirmed until 2005 when a radio-collared female, moved as
part of a reintroduction project in Louisiana, crossed into Mississippi
and had cubs (Telesco 2006, p. 12). Breeding has been subsequently
documented for several additional individuals, but to date no core
breeding populations are known to exist, and it is generally believed
that the majority of bears in Mississippi are males that have dispersed
from populations in other States (Young 2006, p. 14). The Texas Parks
and Wildlife Department has also documented black bear sightings in
eastern Texas in the last 7 years, though there are currently no known
Louisiana black bear breeding populations in eastern Texas (TPWD 2005,
p. 3). It is probable that most of those bears are juvenile or subadult
males that have roamed into the area from expanding bear populations in
Arkansas and Oklahoma (TPWD 2005, p. 7). Clark et al. (2005, p. 250,
Figure 1) indicated the presence of a small breeding population with a
few individuals crossing between Louisiana and Arkansas. This is likely
the result of a black bear reintroduction project in Arkansas where
female bears, reintroduced onto Felsenthal National Wildlife Refuge in
Arkansas, have moved south into Louisiana (LDWF 2007, p. 1).
In 1997, the Statewide Louisiana black bear population was
estimated to range from 200 to 400 bears (Pelton and Van Manen 1997, p.
38). No reliable overall Louisiana black bear population estimate
currently exists; however, estimates have been developed for specific
geographic areas. Estimates for the Tensas River NWR population range
from 119 to 131 bears (Boerson et al. 2003, p. 203) and, for the nearby
Deltic tracts, from 34 to 47 bears (Beausoleil 1999, p. 51). The Upper
Atchafalaya population was estimated to range from 68 to 86 bears and,
for the Lower Atchafalaya, from 28 to 47 bears (Triant et al. 2004, p.
653), but these may be underestimates of the actual population numbers
(Triant et al. 2004, p. 655). There are no population estimates for the
repatriation population; however, a total of 36 females and 82 cubs
have been moved to this area. Most studies of the Louisiana black bear
have been
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conducted in these core breeding habitat areas and therefore probably
small, but unknown, numbers of bears occurring outside those areas are
not included in population estimates. Population estimates for
Louisiana black bears at the time of listing appear to be lower than
what recent research would indicate, and there is circumstantial
evidence that the population is growing (LDWF 2007, p. 22).
Previous Federal Actions
We listed the Louisiana black bear (Ursus americanus luteolus) as
threatened under the Act on January 7, 1992 (57 FR 588). Other free-
living bears of the species U. americanus within the same range
specified in that rule were designated as threatened by similarity of
appearance. In our final rule listing this subspecies, we determined
that normal forest management activities supporting a sustained yield
of timber products and wildlife habitats were compatible with Louisiana
black bear's needs. Accordingly, we promulgated a special rule at 50
CFR 17.40(i) exempting the effects incidental to normal forest
management activities within the subspecies' historic range, except for
activities causing damage to or loss of den trees, den tree sites, or
candidate den trees (57 FR 588). For the purposes of that exemption,
normal forest management activities were those activities that support
a sustained yield of timber products and wildlife habitats, thereby
maintaining forestland conditions in occupied (i.e., breeding) habitat.
Research has supported this decision. In fact, in some cases, such as
leaving downed tree tops and creating openings, timber management can
provide or enhance black bear habitat (Weaver 1999, pp. 126-128;
Hightower et al. 2002, p. 14; Weaver et al. 1990, p. 344; Lindsey and
Meslow 1977, p. 424). Therefore, we do not propose changing the special
rule at 50 CFR 17.40(i) as part of the critical habitat designation.
Designation of critical habitat was found to be not determinable at
the time of listing. We proposed critical habitat for the Louisiana
black bear on December 2, 1993 (58 FR 63560). That proposal had a 90-
day comment period, ending March 2, 1994. We then reopened the public
comment period from March 7, 1994 (59 FR 10607) through April 4, 1994.
During that reopened comment period, we held a public hearing in New
Iberia, Louisiana, on March 23, 1994. On April 1, 1994, we extended the
reopened comment period through May 25, 1994, and announced two more
public hearings (May 10, 1994, in West Monroe, Louisiana, and May 11,
1994, New Iberia, Louisiana) (59 FR 15366). We never published a final
rule designating critical habitat. On September 6, 2005, Mr. Harold
Schoeffler and Louisiana Crawfish Producers Association--West filed
suit in U.S. District Court for the Western District of Louisiana
(Civil Action No. CV05-1573 (W.D. La.)) regarding the Service's failure
to designate critical habitat for the Louisiana black bear.
On June 25, 2007, the District Court ordered the Service to
withdraw the December 2, 1993, proposed critical habitat rule and
create a new proposed critical habitat designation by no later than 4
months from the date of the judgment and to publish a final designation
by no later than 8 months from the date of the proposed or new rule. On
September 5, 2007, following a settlement agreement, the Court revised
its order to require the Service to: (1) Withdraw the December 2, 1993,
proposed rule and submit a prudency determination and, if prudent, a
new proposed critical habitat designation to the Federal Register by
April 26, 2008; and (2) submit a final critical habitat determination,
if applicable, to the Federal Register by February 26, 2009. This
publication is: (1) Our withdrawal of the 1993 proposal; (2) our new
prudency determination; and (3) our proposed rule to designate critical
habitat for the Louisiana black bear in accordance with section 4(b)(2)
of the Act. For more information on previous Federal actions concerning
the Louisiana black bear, refer to the proposed critical habitat rule
published on December 2, 1993 (58 FR 63560).
Critical Habitat
Critical habitat is defined in section 3(5)(A) of the Act as:
(1) The specific areas within the geographical area occupied by a
species, at the time it is listed in accordance with the Act, on which
are found those physical or biological features
(a) Essential to the conservation of the species and
(b) Which may require special management considerations or
protection; and
(2) Specific areas outside the geographical area occupied by a
species at the time it is listed, upon a determination that such areas
are essential for the conservation of the species.
Conservation, as defined under section 3 of the Act, means the use
of all methods and procedures that are necessary to bring any
endangered species or threatened species to the point at which the
measures provided under the Act are no longer necessary.
Critical habitat receives protection under section 7 of the Act
through the prohibition against Federal agencies carrying out, funding,
or authorizing the destruction or adverse modification of critical
habitat. Section 7 of the Act requires consultation on Federal actions
that may affect critical habitat. The designation of critical habitat
does not affect land ownership or establish a refuge, wilderness,
reserve, preserve, or other conservation area. Such designation does
not allow the government or public to access private lands. Such
designation does not require implementation of restoration, recovery,
or enhancement measures by the landowner. Where the landowner seeks or
requests Federal agency funding or authorization that may affect a
listed species or critical habitat, the consultation requirements of
section 7 of the Act would apply, but even in the event of a
destruction or adverse modification finding, the landowner's obligation
is not to restore or recover the species, but to implement reasonable
and prudent alternatives to avoid destruction or adverse modification
of critical habitat.
For inclusion in a critical habitat designation, habitat within the
geographical area occupied by the species at the time it was listed
must contain features that are essential to the conservation of the
species. Critical habitat designations identify, to the extent known
using the best scientific data available, habitat areas that provide
essential life cycle needs of the species (areas on which are found the
primary constituent elements, as defined at 50 CFR 424.12(b)).
Occupied habitat that contains the features essential to the
conservation of the species meets the definition of critical habitat
only if those features may require special management considerations or
protection.
Under the Act, we can designate unoccupied areas as critical
habitat only when we determine that the best available scientific data
demonstrate that the designation of that area is essential to the
conservation needs of the species.
Section 4 of the Act requires that we designate critical habitat on
the basis of the best scientific and commercial data available.
Further, our Policy on Information Standards Under the Endangered
Species Act (published in the Federal Register on July 1, 1994 (59 FR
34271)), the Information Quality Act (section 515 of the Treasury and
General Government Appropriations Act for Fiscal Year 2001 (Pub. L.
106-554; H.R. 5658)), and our associated Information Quality Guidelines
provide criteria,
[[Page 25358]]
establish procedures, and provide guidance to ensure that our decisions
represent the best scientific data available. They require our
biologists, to the extent consistent with the Act and with the use of
the best scientific data available, to use primary and original sources
of information as the basis for recommendations to designate critical
habitat.
When we are determining which areas should be proposed as critical
habitat, our primary source of information is generally the information
developed during the listing process for the species. Additional
information sources may include the recovery plan for the species,
articles in peer-reviewed journals, conservation plans developed by
States and counties, scientific status surveys and studies, biological
assessments, or other unpublished materials and expert opinion or
personal knowledge.
Habitat is often dynamic, and species may move from one area to
another over time. Furthermore, we recognize that designation of
critical habitat may not include all of the habitat areas that we may
eventually determine, based on scientific data not now available to the
Service, are necessary for the recovery of the species. For these
reasons, a critical habitat designation does not signal that habitat
outside the designated area is unimportant or may not be required for
recovery of the species.
Areas that support populations, but are outside the critical
habitat designation, will continue to be subject to conservation
actions we implement under section 7(a)(1) of the Act and our other
wildlife authorities. They are also subject to the regulatory
protections afforded by the section 7(a)(2) jeopardy standard, as
determined on the basis of the best available scientific information at
the time of the agency action. Federally funded or permitted projects
affecting listed species outside their designated critical habitat
areas may result in jeopardy findings in some cases. Similarly,
critical habitat designations made on the basis of the best available
information at the time of designation will not control the direction
and substance of future recovery plans, habitat conservation plans
(HCPs), or other species conservation planning efforts if new
information available to these planning efforts calls for a different
outcome.
Prudency Determination
Section 4(a)(3) of the Act and its implementing regulations (50 CFR
424.12) require that, to the maximum extent prudent and determinable,
we designate critical habitat at the time a species is listed as
endangered or threatened. Our regulations at 50 CFR 424.12(a)(1) state
that the designation of critical habitat is not prudent when one or
both of the following situations exist: (1) The species is threatened
by taking or other activity and the identification of critical habitat
can be expected to increase the degree of threat to the species; or (2)
the designation of critical habitat would not be beneficial to the
species. In our January 7, 1992, final rule (57 FR 588) we determined
that designating critical habitat may be prudent, but was not
determinable at that time. We subsequently proposed critical habitat
for the Louisiana black bear on December 2, 1993 (58 FR 63560);
however, we did not explicitly state in our proposed rule that such
designation was prudent.
The Louisiana black bear was listed as threatened under the Act on
January 7, 1992 (57 FR 588), due to extensive habitat loss and
modification, and the ongoing threats of continued habitat modification
and human-related mortality. The majority of area lands within the
Louisiana black bear's historic range are privately owned. Some of
those lands remain forested; however, most have been cleared for other
uses such as agriculture. Conservation of the Louisiana black bear will
require habitat protection and restoration and, therefore, is dependent
upon the voluntary protection and restoration of privately owned lands.
Significant progress has been made in habitat restoration for the
Louisiana black bear. Habitat and management actions voluntarily taken
by private landowners are one important component of those restoration
activities. Over 55,000 ac (22,250 ha) of private lands have been
enrolled in the Natural Resource Conservation Service's Wetland Reserve
Program (WRP) which has benefited Louisiana black bear conservation
since 1992. WRP provides an incentive for private landowners to convert
non-productive farmland back to bottomland hardwoods, and many of these
lands received higher rankings (when evaluated for enrollment) because
of their benefit to Louisiana black bear conservation. Landowners
enrolling in the WRP sign permanent easements protecting the restored
land from future conversion or development. Designation of critical
habitat on private lands may significantly reduce the likelihood that
landowners will support and carry out conservation actions. Many
landowners fear a decline in their property value due to real or
perceived restrictions on land-use options where threatened or
endangered species are found. Consequently, harboring endangered
species is viewed by many landowners as a liability. This perception
results in anti-conservation incentives, because maintaining habitats
that harbor endangered species represents a risk to future economic
opportunities. This response was observed during the 1993-1994
Louisiana black bear critical habitat proposal process, when the
majority of comments received were in opposition to designation, and
several landowners who had previously allowed black bear research
activities on their lands subsequently denied access to researchers and
agency personnel.
Thus, there is potential, as a result of critical habitat
designation, for a decline in WRP enrollment within Louisiana black
bear habitat and restricted access to private lands for research;
however, we will continue to work with Federal and State agencies,
private organizations, and individuals in carrying out conservation
activities for the Louisiana black bear, including habitat restoration,
population surveys, and population restoration. Furthermore, the
identification of areas that are necessary to ensure the conservation
of the species is beneficial and critical habitat designation may
provide additional information to individuals, local and State
governments, and other entities engaged in long-range planning, since
areas with features essential to the conservation of the species are
clearly delineated and, to the extent currently feasible, the physical
and biological features of the habitat necessary to the survival of
this subspecies are specifically identified. This process is valuable
to land owners and managers in developing conservation management plans
for identified areas, as well as any other occupied habitat or suitable
habitat that may not have been included in the Service's designation of
critical habitat.
The additional threat, identified in the final rule listing the
subspecies (57 FR 588), of illegal killing of Louisiana black bears
remains an ongoing threat; however, such takings are believed to be
opportunistic or in response to black bear nuisance activities. In the
case of large mammals, such as the Louisiana black bear, population
locations are already generally known and we do not expect
identification of critical habitat to increase the degree of this
threat.
Accordingly, we determine that designation of critical habitat will
not increase the degree of threat to the species and will be beneficial
for the Louisiana black bear; therefore, we determine that designation
of critical habitat is prudent for this subspecies. At
[[Page 25359]]
this time, we have sufficient information necessary to identify
specific areas that meet the definition of critical habitat and as
such, believe the critical habitat is also determinable. Therefore, we
are proposing critical habitat for the Louisiana black bear.
Methods
As required by section 4(b) of the Act, we used the best scientific
data available in determining areas occupied at the time of listing
that contain features essential to the conservation of the Louisiana
black bear, and areas unoccupied at the time of listing that are
essential for the conservation of the Louisiana black bear, or both. We
are not currently proposing any areas outside the geographical area
presently occupied by the subspecies because the occupied areas being
proposed are sufficient for the conservation of the subspecies.
We have also reviewed available information that pertains to the
habitat requirements of this subspecies. After reviewing pertinent
material, we consider it likely that the Louisiana subspecies is not
significantly different from other black bears, because it is a habitat
generalist. Material reviewed for the development of this critical
habitat proposal included information from the January 7, 1992 (57 FR
588), final rule listing the Louisiana black bear as threatened; the
December 2, 1993 (58 FR 63560) proposed rule to designate critical
habitat; information and survey observations published in peer-reviewed
literature, academic theses, and agency reports; location data and
survey information provided in agency reports and maps; habitat
analyses and other information provided in the 1995 Louisiana Black
Bear Recovery Plan and the complementary BBCC Black Bear Restoration
Plan (1997); and material submitted during consultations under section
7 of the Act.
The following geospatial and tabular data sets were used in
preparing this proposed critical habitat: Occurrence data for the
Louisiana black bear (Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries,
the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Louisiana State University, and the
University of Tennessee); 1998, 2004, and 2005 that is 1:24,000 digital
raster and digital orthophoto quarter-quadrangles (DOQQ); and 1:24,000
scale digital raster graphics (DRG) of the U.S. Geological Survey
(USGS) topographic quadrangles. Habitat data was determined from the
2001 grid (raster) National Land Cover Dataset (NLCD) developed by The
Multi-Resolution Land Characteristics (MRLC) Consortium. The MRLC is a
group of Federal agencies who develop datasets used to track regional
and global changes in land cover and land use, including such essential
categories as forest and grassland cover. The MRLC consortium is
specifically designed to meet the current needs of Federal agencies for
nationally consistent satellite remote sensing and land-cover data. We
transformed the digital raster data to a vector format in order to
obtain the most accurate area estimates of critical habitat when
overlaid onto the critical habitat boundaries of lands containing
features essential to the conservation of the subspecies. Land
ownership was determined from geospatial data sets developed by the
Service's Southeast Region Realty Division and the Louisiana State
Lands Office.
We obtained additional information through personal communications
with biologists, scientists, and land managers familiar with the
Louisiana black bear and its habitat, including individuals affiliated
with the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries (LDWF), the
Service, the BBCC, Louisiana State University, and the University of
Tennessee. Specific information from these sources included estimates
of historic and current distribution, abundance, and home range sizes,
as well as data on resources and habitat requirements.
To delineate areas currently used by breeding populations, we
acquired all available raw telemetry data (i.e., telemetry points) from
those above-referenced sources (recognizing the geographic limits of
existing data in that they were collected from areas within known
Louisiana black bear populations). Those telemetry points were buffered
with average adult female home range sizes (as determined from
published research) and were coalesced into polygons for each Louisiana
black bear population. Those polygons were further refined based on
habitat presence (as determined from DOQQs), contiguity of suitable
habitat, proximity to non-contiguous suitable habitat, direct evidence
of bear use, habitat patch size, and significant landscape features. We
determined proposed critical habitat to be all areas within those
polygons, except for those tracts that do not contain the physical and
biological features essential to the conservation of the subspecies. We
used telemetry data (where available), and DOQQs and DRGs to delineate
habitat corridors. Areas proposed as critical habitat include areas
that contain the physical and biological features essential to the
conservation of the subspecies and either: (1) Currently support a
breeding population of Louisiana black bears; or (2) function as
corridors to maintain movement between core populations.
Primary Constituent Elements
In accordance with section 3(5)(A)(i) of the Act and the
regulations at 50 CFR 424.12, in determining which areas occupied at
the time of listing to propose as critical habitat, we consider the
physical and biological features (PBFs) that are essential to the
conservation of the species to be the specific primary constituent
elements (PCEs) laid out in the appropriate quantity and spatial
arrangement for the conservation of the species. These include, but are
not limited to:
(1) Space for individual and population growth and for normal
behavior;
(2) Food, water, air, light, minerals, or other nutritional or
physiological requirements;
(3) Cover or shelter;
(4) Sites for breeding, reproduction, or rearing (or development)
of offspring; and
(5) Habitats that are protected from disturbance or are
representative of the historic, geographical, and ecological
distributions of a species.
We derive the specific primary constituent elements (PCEs) for the
Louisiana black bear from its biological needs.
Space for Individual and Population Growth and Normal Behavior
Louisiana black bear populations are currently found in the BLH
forest communities and associated habitat of the Lower Mississippi
River Alluvial Valley. Prime black bear habitat is characterized by
relatively inaccessible terrain, thick understory vegetation, and
abundant food sources in the forms of shrubs or tree-borne soft or hard
mast (Pelton 1982, p. 507). BLH forest community types in the range of
the Louisiana black bear, expressed in terms of dominance-codominance,
include Taxodium distichum (bald cypress); T. distichum-Nyssa aquatica
(bald cypress-water tupelo); Betula nigra-Platanus occidentalis (river
birch-American sycamore); Populus deltoides (cottonwood); Celtis
laevigata-Ulmus americana-Fraxinus pennsylvanica (sugarberry-American
elm-green ash); Quercus nuttallii-U. americana-F. pennsylvanica
(Nuttall oak-American elm-green ash); Q.lyrata-Carya aquatica (overcup
oak-water hickory) Liquidambar styraciflua-Q. nigra (sweetgum-water
oak); and Q. michauxii-Q. falcata (swamp chestnut oak-cherrybark oak)
(BBCC 1997, p. 15).
[[Page 25360]]
Benson (2005, p. 56, Table 4.1) described habitat types in terms of
species, flooding regime, and age as: (1) Upland forests--BLH forests
in relatively high elevation sites not subject to frequent flooding;
and (2) lowland forest--BLH forests in relatively low elevations
subject to seasonal or annual flooding. Louisiana black bear habitat in
the Lower Atchafalaya population differs from the Tensas and Upper
Atchafalaya areas in that it includes, in addition to forested wetlands
(e.g., deciduous forests, cypress forests, deciduous and bald cypress
forests, shrub-scrub marshes), open marshes, deciduous forest spoil
banks, and upland hardwood forest (Nyland 1995, p. 58). The
interspersion of these communities may be important in meeting the
seasonal needs of the Lower Atchafalaya Louisiana black bear population
(Nyland 1995, p. 58). The coastal (or wetland) habitats may provide
escape cover, food sources, and secure travel corridors between other
habitat types (Jones and Pelton 2003, p. 193).
The minimum size of an area necessary for black bears may differ
depending on density, habitat quality, conservation goals, and
assumptions regarding minimum viable populations (Rudis and Tansey
1995, p. 172). For example, Rudis and Tansey (1995, p. 172), citing
personal communications, reported estimates of minimal areas needed to
support a black bear population ranging from 79,000 ac (32,000 ha) in
forested wetlands to 80,000 ac (197,700 ha) in upland forests. Cox et
al. (1994, p. 50) estimated that a population of 200 or more bears
could require a habitat base of approximately 490,000 to 980,000 ac
(198,000 to 397,000 ha). Maintaining and enhancing key habitat patches
within breeding habitat is a critical conservation strategy for black
bears (Hellgren and Vaughan 1994, p. 276). Areas should be large enough
to maintain female survival rates above the minimum rate necessary to
sustain a population (Hellgren and Vaughan 1994, p. 280). Weaver (1999,
pp. 105-106) documented that bear home ranges and movements were
centered in forested habitat and noted that actions to conserve,
enhance, and restore that habitat would promote population recovery,
although no recommendations on minimum requirements were provided.
Hellgren and Vaughn (1994, p. 283) concluded that large, contiguous
forests are a critical conservation need for black bears.
One approach to assess Louisiana black bear habitat needs is to
look at existing densities; however, density estimates should be used
with caution as they can be influenced by population estimation
methodology and study area delineation. No single area-density
relationship has been developed for Louisiana black bears; however,
density estimates have been developed for Louisiana black bears in two
locations. Bear density for the Tensas River NWR subgroup was estimated
to be 1 bear per 686 ac (0.36 per km\2\). This is low compared to other
southeastern populations and to the adjacent Deltic subgroup with a
density of 1 bear per 173 ac (1.43 per km\2\) (Boersen et al. 2003, p.
204). The unusually high densities observed on the Deltic tracts may be
the result of the small size of the habitat fragments and accessibility
to adjacent desirable agricultural crops (Boersen et al. 2003, p. 204).
Another approach to assess Louisiana black bear habitat
requirements is to examine bear movements and home ranges. The home
ranges of Louisiana black bears appear to be closely linked to forest
cover (Marchinton 1995, p. 48). Female range size may be partly
determined by habitat quality (Amstrup and Beecham 1976, p. 345), while
male home range size may be determined by efficient monitoring of a
maximum number of females (Rogers 1987, p. 19). Male black bears
commonly disperse, and adult male bears can be wide-ranging with home
ranges generally three to eight times larger than adult females (Pelton
1982, p. 507) and that may encompass several female home ranges (Rogers
1987, p. 19). Dispersal by female black bears is uncommon and typically
is a short distance (Rogers 1987, p. 43). Females without cubs
generally had larger home ranges than females with newborn cubs (Benson
2005, p. 46), although this difference was observed to vary seasonally,
with movements more restricted in the spring (Weaver 1999, p. 99).
Following separation of the mother and yearling offspring, young female
black bears commonly establish a home range partially within or
adjacent to their mother's home range (Rogers 1987, p. 39). Young
males, however, generally disperse from their maternal home range.
Limited information suggests that subadult males may disperse up to 124
mi (200 km) (BBCC 1997, p. 22).
Home range estimates vary for the Louisiana black bear. Mean median
MCP home range estimates for the Tensas River NWR population were
35,736 ac (14,462 ha) and 5,550 ac (2,426 ha) for males and females,
respectively (Weaver 1999, p. 70). Male home ranges (MCP) in the Upper
Atchafalaya population may be as high as 80,000 ac (32,375 ha), while
female home ranges are approximately 8,000 ac (3,237 ha) (Wagner 1995,
p. 12). Lower Atchafalaya population home ranges (MCP) were estimated
to be 10,477 ac (4,200 ha) for males, and 3,781 ac (1,530 ha) for
females (Wagner 1995, p. 12). The smaller home ranges of Lower
Atchafalaya bears when compared to Upper Atchafalaya bears may be due
to superior habitat quality in the coastal area (Wagner 1995, p. 25).
Louisiana black bears located on the Deltic lands in the Tensas River
population have very small home ranges compared to other black bear
populations with an estimated average home range (MCP) for males of
1,729 ac (700 ha) and for females 1,038 ac (420 ha) (Beausoleil 1999,
p. 57). The smaller home ranges for this population are believed to be
a result of the bears' reliance on the surrounding agricultural crops
for forage (Benson 2005, p. 95) and the overall higher quality of the
forested habitat (Weaver 1999, pp. 90-91). Based on observations of the
Deltic populations, Benson (2005, p. 95) suggested that it may be
possible for a relatively large number of bears to require less space
and persist in limited forest habitat if food is sufficiently abundant
and diverse.
Habitat loss, besides reducing the overall area, can result in
fragmentation or isolation of habitat, as is evident for the Louisiana
black bear (Clark 1999, p. 107). Habitat fragmentation can restrict
bear movements both within and between populations (BBCC 1997, p. 23).
This can result in increased mortality as bears are forced to forage on
less protected sites, travel farther to forage, or cross barriers such
as roads (Pelton 1982, p. 507; Hellgren and Maehr 1992, pp. 154, 155,
156). Open areas, roads, large waterways, development, and large
expanses of agricultural land may affect habitat contiguity. Such
features tend to impede the movement of bears (Clark 1999, p. 107).
Habitat fragmentation also limits the potential for the present
Louisiana black bear population to expand its current breeding range
(USFWS 1995, p. 8). Habitat fragmentation can create barriers to
immigration and emigration that can affect population demographics and
genetic integrity (Clark et al. 2006, p. 12). Bear populations in a
relatively large habitat patch are not ensured of long-term survival
without recolonization by bears from adjacent patches (Clark 1999, p.
111). The long term protection of habitat and interconnecting corridors
or habitat linkages between viable breeding populations is one of the
recovery
[[Page 25361]]
criteria for the Louisiana black bear (USFWS 1995, p. 14).
Habitat linkages or corridors providing vegetative cover can
facilitate the movement of bears through agricultural (or other open)
lands, particularly when bears reside in fragmented tracts of forest,
as is the case for the Louisiana black bear (Weaver et al. 1990b, p.
347). Based on telemetry locations and visual observations, Marchinton
(1995, p. 53) determined that wooded drainages were important travel
corridors for movement between forested tracts. He noted that those
drainages may facilitate movements across agricultural lands and may be
important for dispersal outside the study area. Likewise, Weaver (1999,
p. 67) found significant use of habitat linkages between larger
forested tracts, including forested edges associated with bayous, their
tributaries, various dry ditch bottoms, and brushy ditch and canal
banks in various agricultural tracts. Bears were also observed to
frequent certain areas of intact forest such as banks of rivers,
sloughs, ditches, and bayous, and Weaver (1999, p. 82) suggested that
the term ``habitat linkages'' may be more appropriate than travel
corridors when referring to the remnant habitat features that link
disjunct wooded tracts.
Beausoleil (1999, p. 62) observed that female Louisiana black bears
would not move between woodlots unless they were connected by a
forested corridor or were closer than 1,640 feet (ft) (0.5 km) apart.
Anderson (1997, p.74 via T. Edwards, USFWS pers. communication) found
that female bears would not travel between expansive agricultural
fields that separated forested tracts by 4,541 ft (1.3 km) and observed
that bears traveled along tree-lined ditches that were as narrow as 16
ft (5 m) in width (Anderson 1997, p. 74). Similarly, Van Why (2003, pp.
30, 46) observed Louisiana black bears using narrow strips of
vegetation (less than 33 ft (10 m)) to travel through inhospitable
habitats such as open fields. Weaver et al. (1990b, p. 347) recommended
a 197-ft (60-m) buffer zone along waterways as a travel corridor or
habitat linkage. Bears will travel through open habitat (Weaver 1999,
p. 81), but they may travel farther from the forested edge when in a
wooded corridor versus in an open field (Anderson 1997, p. 42).
Habitat linkages, as described in Louisiana black bear population
studies, are generally described as narrow and linear in shape, most
likely resulting from the fact that ditches and bayous are the only
remaining features connecting habitat fragments within a population.
Non-linear habitat patches located between existing populations may
also provide areas for bear movement. Such linkages increase the amount
of forested habitat (Beausoleil et al. 2005, p. 408) and may serve not
only as pathways for concealed travel, but may also provide other
functions such as escape cover, bedding and denning sites, routes for
juvenile dispersal, and avenues for genetic exchange (Weaver 1999, pp.
82-83). Habitat linkages ranging from 2.5 ac to 12 ac (1 ha to 5 ha)
can provide cover for black bears (Pelton and Van Manen 1997, p. 33).
Smaller areas (i.e., 2.5 ac (1 ha)) may provide suitable movement paths
for shorter, within-population movements but may not be sufficient for
establishing larger movement paths between populations. Beausoleil et
al. (2005, pp. 409-410) recommended the establishment of habitat
corridors to reduce the isolation of forested habitats for black bears
and suggested that corridor width should vary with length and increase
with distance. Similarly, Cox et al. (1994, p. 35) suggested that black
bears likely require broader habitat areas rather than thin corridors
when connecting distant populations.
While there is scientific discussion regarding the relative
importance of wildlife corridors in general, they have been shown to be
important for black bears (Cox et al. 1994, p. 34). Furthermore, in
modeling spatial landscape structure and species dispersal, King and
With (2002, p. 33) found that habitat clumping may help mitigate the
negative effect that habitat loss has on dispersal success. Habitat
linkages (or corridors) are needed to facilitate bear movement between
habitat patches within and between black bear populations (BBCC 1997,
p. 54). Telemetry data on Louisiana black bear movements in the Tensas
River Basin demonstrate that habitat linkages should be considered in
management plans intended to ensure Louisiana black bear population
viability in fragmented habitats and to provide for the large home
ranges (particularly of males) needed for unimpeded breeding and
dispersal (Weaver 1999, p. 106).
Food, Water, Air, Light, Minerals, or Other Nutritional or
Physiological Requirements
The Louisiana black bear's diet is dominated by plant material
throughout the year (Pelton 1982, p. 508; Anderson 1997, p. 77; Benson
2005, p. 20). A portion of the diet is made up of animal matter,
primarily beetles and other insects (which are consumed year-round
(Anderson 1997, p. 79)), and occasionally carrion (Pelton 1982, pp.
508-509; Benson 2005, p. 27). Diets vary seasonally in relation to food
availability as does habitat use (Nyland 1995, p. 53). After den
emergence in the spring, bears utilize remaining fat reserves (Pelton
1982, p. 509). As this is generally a time of lower food abundance,
bears may lose weight but will soon take advantage of any available
protein-rich foods (Pelton 1982, p. 509). On the Deltic tracts, such
items include grasses, sedges, oats, wheat, and beetles (Anderson 1997,
p. 49; Benson 2005, p. 26). During the summer, food abundance and
diversity increases, and soft mast, found primarily in forest openings,
becomes a major food source. Soft mast may include such items as
blackberry, grape, mulberry, sassafras, and paw paw (Weaver et al.
1990b, p. 344; Anderson 1997, p. 78; BBCC 1997, p. 18; Benson 2005, p.
26). Recently timbered areas can provide foraging opportunities for
bears as they allow light penetration through canopy openings and
provide rotting wood that harbors beetles and grubs (Weaver et al.
1990b, p. 344). Louisiana black bears were also observed using early
successional areas (e.g., planted with trees or regenerating naturally)
planted with trees (0 to 12 years) or by an open canopy and dense
understory of shrubs, vines, and saplings (Benson 2005, p. 56, Table
4.1). Such areas provide food and cover similar to natural openings in
forests.
Food availability during the late summer and fall is critical as
bears need to increase their fat stores in preparation for winter
dormancy and denning (Pelton 1982, p. 509; BBCC 1997, p. 18). Acorns
and other hard mast are important food items during this period (Pelton
1986, p. 51; Benson 2005, p. 27). Extensive foraging may occur and
bears may travel great distances in search of food (Pelton 1982, p.
509). It is not uncommon for a bear to gain one to two pounds of fat
daily (Pelton 1986, p. 51). Bears will forage on agricultural crops,
which may dominate the diet depending on availability (Nyland 1995, p.
59; Anderson 1997, p. 78; Benson 2005, p. 20).
An important factor affecting black bear populations appears to be
variation in food supply and its effect on physiological status and
reproduction (Rogers 1976, pp. 436-437). Black bear cub survival and
development are closely associated with the physical condition of the
mother (Rogers 1976, p. 434). Cub mortality rates and female
infertility are typically greater in single or successive years of poor
mast production or failure (Rogers 1987, p. 53; Eiler et al. 1989, p.
357; Elowe and Dodge 1989, p. 964). Nutrition may affect the age of
female reproductive maturity and subsequent fecundity
[[Page 25362]]
(Pelton 1982, p. 504). Reproduction may occur as early as 2 years of
age for black bears in high quality habitat; in poor or marginal
habitat, reproduction may not occur until 7 years of age (Rogers 1987,
pp. 51-52, Table 8). Litter size may be affected by food availability
prior to denning (Rogers 1987, p. 53, Table 10). During periods of food
shortages, bears range farther in search of food. This increased
movement substantially increases their chances for human encounters and
human-related mortality (Rogers 1976, p. 436; Pelton 1982, p. 509).
These high mortality rates are suspected to be greater for yearling and
subadult black bear males dispersing from the family unit, and are
probably the result of starvation, accidents (e.g., vehicular
collisions), and poaching.
Cover or Shelter
Black bears undergo a period of winter dormancy that allows them to
circumvent food shortages and severe weather (Pelton 1982, p. 508).
Louisiana black bears generally enter dens in early December and emerge
in mid-April (Weaver 1999, p. 116, Table 4.1). They may remain somewhat
active during this period and have been observed changing den sites and
foraging, although their home range sizes are reduced (Weaver 1999, p.
115; Hightower et al. 2002, p. 16). Louisiana black bears use trees,
brush piles, and ground nests for denning (Weaver 1999, p. 118;
Hightower et al. 2002, p. 14). An individual bear may use one or more
different den types, often within the same season (Weaver 1999, p.
118). Weaver (1999, p. 120) noted that most den trees were bald
cypress, but also observed bear use of other species such as overcup
oak and American sycamore. Den tree cavities appeared to result from
broken tops or limbs and averaged approximately 49 ft (15 m) in height
(Weaver 1999, p. 121). Den trees primarily occur along permanently
flooded sloughs, seasonally flooded flats, lakes, bayous, and rivers
(Weaver 1999, p. 130). Ground nests were located in wooded habitat and
constructed from stacked palmetto and vegetation arranged in a wreath-
like manner. Many of the wreath-like nests included excavated
depressions, but those created from stacked palmetto did not (Weaver
1999, pp. 121-122). Nests were observed in forested habitat and
constructed against a backdrop such as a felled log, a tree top, or the
base of a tree (Weaver 1999, p. 122). In the Tensas population,
thirteen of 17 nests were located in forested stands that were at least
partially timbered within the last 5 years (Weaver 1999, p. 122). Brush
pile dens were observed in residual tree tops that were felled during
recent timber harvests (Weaver 1999, pp. 122; Hightower et al. 2002, p.
14). Trees large enough and sufficiently mature to contain useable
cavities are almost always found in places inaccessible to logging
(Marchinton 1995, p. 55), or are left standing due to their low
economic value.
The importance of high-quality cover for bedding, denning, and
escape cover increases as forests become smaller and more fragmented,
and as human encroachment and disturbance in bear habitat increases
(Pelton 1986, p. 52). The thick understory found in some BLH forests
and adjacent areas provides high-quality escape cover, which is
considered especially important where fragmented habitats put bear
populations in closer proximity to humans. Bears frequently use
forested areas and scrub-shrub habitat as escape cover and as resting
sites or ``daybeds'' (Weaver et al. 1990b, p. 347). Daybeds are
generally shallow, unlined depressions excavated in soft ground or leaf
litter (BBCC 2005, p. 13). Secure areas for bedding, denning, and
escape can be found in cover that limits visibility, slows foot travel,
and creates noise when traversed (Weaver et al. 1990b, p. 347).
Sites for Breeding, Reproduction, or Rearing (or Development) of
Offspring
The average age for first female reproduction varies widely across
black bear studies; however, most describe breeding occurring between 3
years and 5 years of age (Weaver 1990, p. 5). Breeding occurs in summer
and the gestation period for black bears is 7 to 8 months (Weaver 1990,
p. 5). Delayed implantation occurs in the black bear; blastocysts float
free in the uterus and do not implant until late November or early
December (Pelton 1982, p. 505). Because of this, pregnant females are
not subject to the nutritional drain of a developing fetus while they
forage to increase fat reserves for winter torpor (Weaver 1990, p. 5).
Additional information on female habitat requirements is described in
the ``Space for Individual and Population Growth and Normal Behavior''
discussion above. Females give birth during the denning season. The
normal litter size is two, although litter sizes of one to four cubs
(and rarely five) do occur. Cubs are altricial (helpless) at birth
(Weaver 1990, p. 5) and generally exit the den site with the female in
April or May. Young bears stay with the female through summer and fall,
and den with her the next winter. The young disperse in their second
spring or summer, prior to the female's period of estrus (Pelton 1982,
p. 505). Estrus starts when the female becomes physiologically capable
of reproducing again. However, not all females produce cubs every other
winter; reproduction is related to physiological condition (i.e.,
female bears that do not reach an optimal weight or fat level may not
reproduce in a given year) (Rogers 1987, p. 51).
Females give birth while in their winter dens. Den site
characteristics were described in more detail in the ``Cover or
Shelter'' discussion above. Secure den sites for reproduction are
particularly important as the young would not survive without their
mother should she abandon her den because of disturbance. Benson (2005,
p. 84) found that female reproductive status affected den type use, as
females with cubs used trees for dens more frequently than ground dens.
However, Hightower et al. (2002, p. 14) did not detect differences in
den type use by females based on their reproductive status.
Tree dens may be an important component for female reproductive
success in areas subject to flooding (Hellgren and Vaughan 1989a, p.
352). Den trees located in cypress swamps would appear to provide an
increase in security (e.g., decrease in disturbance) compared to ground
dens. The availability of den trees, however, does not appear to be a
limiting factor for reproductive success (Weaver and Pelton 1994, p.
431); den trees may not be necessary for Louisiana black bears if
flooding and disturbance are minimized (Hightower et al. 2002, p. 15).
To afford additional protection to denning bears, when we listed
the Louisiana black bear, we extended legal protection to candidate and
actual den trees by promulgating a special rule at 50 CFR 17.40(i)
under section 4(d) of the Act (57 FR 588). As the terms imply, ``actual
den tree'' refers to any tree used by a denning bear during the winter
and early spring seasons. Candidate den trees are defined in the final
rule as Taxodium distichum (bald cypress) and Nyssa sp. (tupelo gum) in
occupied Louisiana black bear habitat having a diameter at breast
height of 36 inches or greater, with visible cavities, and occurring in
or along rivers, lakes, streams, bayous, sloughs, or other water
bodies. Results of recent research involving Louisiana black bears
indicate that they will use virtually any species of tree for a den
site (including overcup oak, American elm, sweetgum, water hickory, and
sycamore), contingent upon it meeting the minimum diameter and cavity
presence criteria described above (Hightower et al. 2002, p. 16).
[[Page 25363]]
Habitats That Are Protected From Disturbance
Remoteness is an important spatial feature of black bear habitat.
In the southeastern United States, remoteness is relative to forest
tract size and the presence of roads. Examples of remoteness important
for black bear habitat include: A tract of timberland 0.5 mi (0.8 km)
from well-maintained roads and development (Rudis and Birdsey 1986, p.
5), a forested tract of more than 2,500 ac (1,000 ha) (Rudis and Tansey
1988, p. 172), or a tract with 0.8 mi or less of road per mile\2\ (0.5
km/km\2\) of forest (Pelton 1986, p. 52). Remote timberlands, by this
definition, are relatively rare within the historical range of black
bears and are located primarily in Louisiana (Rudis and Birdsey 1986,
p. 5). Increasing road density increases the likelihood of human
disturbances, which can limit habitat suitability and use for black
bears.
In some cases, where remoteness does not exist, bears are adaptable
and through changes in behavior can survive and thrive in proximity to
humans if afforded areas of retreat that ensure little chance of close
contact or visual encounters. For example, bears may shift home range
locations in response to increases in road densities (Brody and Pelton
1989, p. 10). However, in areas of fragmented habitat, behavioral
adjustments may not be sufficient to offset the negative effects of
barriers such as roads. Approximately 38 percent of known Louisiana
black bear mortalities are the result of road kills (Pace et al. 2000,
p. 368).
Primary Constituent Elements (PCEs) for the Louisiana Black Bear
Within the geographical area occupied by Louisiana black bear at
the time of listing, we must identify the PCEs laid out in the
appropriate quantity and spatial arrangement essential to the
conservation of the subspecies (i.e., essential physical and biological
features) that may require special management considerations or
protections.
Based on the above needs and our current knowledge of the life
history, biology, and ecology of the subspecies, we have determined
that the Louisiana black bear's PCEs are:
(1) Breeding habitat (i.e., within or contiguous to the home range
of females in a core breeding population) consisting of hardwood forest
areas having a diversity of age class and species and containing
sources of hard mast (acorns and nuts) produced by such species as
mature oaks, hickories, and pecan, and that may include one or more of
the following:
(a) Areas containing soft mast provided by a diversity of plant
species, including, but not limited to, blackberry, grape, mulberry,
sassafras, paw paw, etc., occurring primarily in forest openings, on
spoil banks, and in areas adjacent to forested habitat;
(b) Areas within forested habitat providing protein sources
consisting of beetles and other colonial insects found in rotting and
decaying wood found on the forest floor;
(c) Grasses and sedges found in forest openings, on spoil banks
with open canopies, and in vegetated areas adjacent to forested
habitats; and
(d) Secure areas for reproduction, winter dormancy, day bedding,
and escape. These include areas with den trees (e.g., bald cypress,
overcup oak, American sycamore, etc.); areas with a thick understory,
shrub-scrub habitat, openings along spoil banks, vegetated areas
adjacent to forests, or any vegetation that provides cover, limits
visibility, slows foot travel, or creates noise when traversed; early
successional forests (0 to 12 years) with an open canopy and dense
understory of shrubs, vines, and saplings; or areas with vegetation
such as palmetto, greenbriars, blackberry, dewberry, and downed trees.
(2) Corridors consisting of:
(a) Habitat patches 12 acres (5 hectares) or greater in size; or
(b) Forested areas greater than 150 feet (46 meters) along
waterways and sloughs and having a diversity of plant species and age-
classes of sufficient area, quality, and configuration, as described in
PCE 1 above, to provide dispersal habitat between breeding populations
to maintain genetic variability and promote stable or increasing
populations, and to provide habitat supporting safe movement, foraging,
and denning.
As described in the Primary Constituent Elements section, breeding
habitat (PCE-1) must be interspersed and connected by suitable
corridors (PCE-2) to allow for movement between core populations.
We have designed this proposed designation for the conservation of
physical and biological features necessary to support the life history
functions that were the basis for our proposal and the areas containing
those features. Because not all life history functions require all the
PCEs, not all proposed critical habitat units will contain all the
PCEs.
We propose units for designation based on sufficient PCEs being
present to support at least one of the subspecies' life history
functions. Some units contain all of these and support multiple life
processes, those necessary to support the subspecies' particular use of
that habitat, while some units contain some of the PCEs.
Special Management Considerations or Protections
When designating critical habitat, we assess whether the occupied
areas contain features that are essential to the conservation of the
species and that may require special management considerations or
protections. Threats to the physical and biological features essential
to the conservation of the Louisiana black bear include the direct and
indirect impacts of land clearing or development resulting in habitat
fragmentation and land use conversion, primarily to agriculture and
development. Specific details can be found in the final listing rule
(January 7, 1992; 57 FR 588). Due to one or more of the threats
described above, and addressed in more detail in the individual unit
descriptions below, we find that all of the occupied areas we are
proposing for designation as critical habitat contain the PBFs that may
require special management considerations or protections to ensure the
conservation of the Louisiana black bear.
Criteria Used To Identify Critical Habitat
Our conservation strategy is based on a review of the biological
needs of this subspecies as described in the literature, and the
recovery strategy outlined in the Louisiana black bear recovery plan.
In proposing critical habitat, our two-fold strategy is to: (1) Reduce
the potential for extinction by providing the habitat in areas of
sufficient composition and size to maintain the viability of existing
reproducing populations (as determined by occupied habitat); and (2)
ensure the demographic vigor and genetic variability of existing
populations by providing habitat of sufficient composition and location
to provide areas of connectivity between adjoining populations.
We include land within the proposed critical habitat unit
boundaries contingent upon that land satisfying one of the following
criteria: (1) It was occupied at the time of listing, serves as
breeding habitat, and contains the physical and biological features
essential to the conservation of the Louisiana black bear, or (2) it
was occupied at the time of listing, serves as an immigration or
emigration corridor between the core breeding populations, and provides
habitat that contains the
[[Page 25364]]
physical and biological features essential to the conservation of the
Louisiana black bear.
At the time of listing (January 7, 1992), there were limited data
documenting Louisiana black bear distribution and reproduction. Range
maps were generalized and seem to have been heavily based upon
information such as landscape features (e.g., extent of forested
habitat) and anecdotal data (e.g., unconfirmed sightings), in addition
to the best available scientific data. Based on the considerable amount
of data collected since 1992, the most accurate occupied habitat map at
the time of listing appears to be the one published in the Louisiana
Black Bear Recovery Plan (USFWS 1995, p. 4). That map and several other
distribution maps developed around the time of listing indicate that
bears may not have occurred in one area between the Tensas and Upper
Atchafalaya River populations at that time. Those maps, however, vary
considerably depending on whether or not they included all sightings
outside of breeding populations, and they do not always indicate the
information used (Pelton 1989, p. 8, Figure 6; Weaver et al. 1990a, p.
24, Figure 1; Hammond 1988, p. 75, Figure 32). Habitat corridors still
existed between breeding populations around the time of listing, and
those populations were probably not totally disjunct (Pelton 1989, pp.
16-18). Similarly, Weaver (1999, pp. 87-88) noted that despite habitat
fragmentation and degradation, the observed dispersal capability of
Louisiana black bears, coupled with the proximity to other breeding
populations in Arkansas and the Upper Atchafalaya, indicated that bears
in the Tensas population were not completely isolated. Hammond (1989,
pp. 17-19, 42) had evidence, based on sightings and damage reports
submitted to the LDWF, as well as reports he verified, of bear
occurrence within this area. Therefore, while there is no evidence to
indicate that this area contained a breeding population at the time of
listing, we believe that this area was occupied and utilized by some
small numbers of bears.
Since the time of listing in 1992, the Louisiana black bear has
been studied extensively by numerous researchers with various
affiliations, and substantial amounts of data now exist for all
populations of the Louisiana black bear. Those studies and resultant
data have generally resulted in publications in peer-reviewed
scientific journals. Though important in many aspects of the critical
habitat designation process, the summarized data format of those
publications provides insufficient detail for the accurate delineation
of currently occupied habitat. Therefore, we gathered all currently
available raw telemetry data associated with those publications
(Anderson 1997; Beausoleil 1999; Marchinton 1995; Wagner 1995; and
Weaver 1999) from the authors and affiliated research groups including
the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, the U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, Louisiana State University, and the University of
Tennessee.
Adult female home range sizes for the Upper and Lower Atchafalaya
River populations (8,080 ac (3,270 ha) and 3,781 ac (1,530 ha),
respectively) were taken from Wagner (1995, p. 12); adult female home
range sizes for the Tensas River NWR subgroup (5,995 ac (2,426 ha))
were taken from Weaver (1999, p. 70). Adult female home range size for
the Deltic subgroup (1,766 ac (715 ha)) was based on an average of the
estimates provided by Anderson (1997, p. 37), Beausoleil (1999, pp. 57,
60), Marchinton (1995, p. 31), and Weaver (1999, p. 70). Adult females
that were relocated as part of the Louisiana black bear repatriation
project are generally more nomadic and have larger and less clearly
defined home ranges than anticipated, likely as a result of their
reaction to displacement in an unfamiliar setting. Home range size for
those females (7,038 ac (2,848 ha)) was, therefore, estimated by
averaging home range sizes for the Upper Atchafalaya population (which
is the geographically closest population to the repatriated bears) and
the Tensas River NWR subgroup (which has served as a donor population
for most of the repatriated bears). Raw telemetry data (i.e., telemetry
points) were buffered with those adult female home range sizes and were
coalesced into polygons for each Louisiana black bear population. Those
polygons formed the approximate boundary of occupied habitat, which was
further refined based on habitat suitability, contiguity of suitable
habitat, proximity to non-contiguous suitable habitat, direct evidence
of bear use, habitat patch size, and significant landscape features.
We have defined breeding habitat as bottomland and upland hardwood
forests and adjacent vegetated habitats having a diversity of plant
species and age-classes with evidence of use by at least five adult
female bears, having home ranges that partially or completely overlap
(core areas). An area that is completely or partially within one or
more of those home ranges, but outside of the core area, as defined
above, would be considered breeding habitat if it: (1) Has demonstrated
use (via radio telemetry) of at least one female bear and is larger
than 5 ac (2 ha) in size; or (2) is larger than 100 ac (40 ha) in size,
regardless of telemetry confirmation of female presence, and is not
separated from the breeding habitat core area by a landscape feature
that may negatively influence natural bear movements (e.g., a State or
Federal road, or a large waterway). Evaluation of existing telemetry
data suggests that forest use by fewer than 5 females is generally
indicative of temporary residence as a result of dispersal (noted most
often within, and surrounding, the repatriation complex).
Due to current data limitations and habitat variations, it is not
possible to reliably determine the minimum habitat requirements for a
viable Louisiana black bear population or subgroup. Data concerning
Louisiana black bear population size, survival and mortality rates, and
overall population viability are dated for all but the Tensas
population. In 1997, the Statewide Louisiana black bear population was
estimated to range from 200 to 400 bears (Pelton and Van Manen 1997, p.
38). No reliable overall Louisiana black bear population estimate
currently exists; however, a comprehensive population dynamics study
involving many existing Louisiana black bear populations is currently
being conducted by the University of Tennessee and the LDWF, but is not
complete at this time. According to the LDWF, there is circumstantial
evidence that the Louisiana black bear population is growing (LDWF
2007, p. 22). Currently, the Tensas River NWR subgroup of the Tensas
population is the only population and/or subgroup of Louisiana black
bears that: (1) Has scientifically reliable data; (2) has been
determined to be viable (i.e., has a 95 percent or better chance of
persistence over 100 years (FWS 1995, p. 14; BBCC 1997, pp. 33-34));
and (3) sustains itself almost entirely on habitat containing PBFs
(i.e., bottomland and upland hardwood forest habitat). Therefore, the
Tensas River NWR subgroup data were used to assess habitat requirements
for existing populations.
The Tensas River NWR subgroup (estimated at 115 Louisiana black
bears) inhabits 142,000 ac (57,465 ha) of habitat (containing the
PCEs). We assumed that the Tensas River NWR subgroup, which population
viability analyses indicate to be stable, currently exists at minimum
population and habitat sizes necessary to maintain long-term viability.
Population viability analyses for the Upper and Lower Atchafalaya
populations (using best available data) indicate that those
[[Page 25365]]
populations may not be stable. Consistent with our assumption and those
analyses, we propose to designate all known breeding habitat (that was
also occupied at time of listing) containing the primary constituent
elements for all populations and subgroups. Including all such areas
would incorporate a habitat quantity that is at least equivalent to
that currently available to the Tensas River NWR subgroup and is
estimated to provide sufficient habitat necessary to maintain long-term
viability for three of the other populations. The Deltic subgroup is an
exception because of its unusually high population density due to the
availability and use of surrounding agricultural lands. All habitats
occupied by the Deltic subgroup currently and at the time of listing
are included in the proposed critical habitat boundary, although it is
a smaller area than that included for all other populations.
One of the criteria necessary to meet the recovery goal of
delisting the Louisiana black bear, as identified in the Service's
recovery plan for this species, is the presence of ``immigration and
emigration corridors between the two viable populations used as
justification for delisting'' (USFWS 1995, p. 14). Including such areas
will reduce forested corridor fragmentation within the current
geographic distribution of the Louisiana black bear. Therefore, we
propose to designate as critical habitat areas between the core
breeding population centers. Those areas contain the essential physical
and biological features and will maintain existing forested immigration
and emigration corridors between existing breeding habitat. Based on
available data, we believe that all of those corridors were occupied at
the time of listing.
The length of the corridors was primarily defined by the distance
between existing core breeding populations. Corridor boundary width
varies and was determined by the following three factors (listed below
in order of decreasing significance):
(1) The width necessary to incorporate more than one potential
habitat linkage. Selection of only one path of habitat linkages would
not account for the nomadic nature of bears, nor for their spatially
large habitat requirements, and would assume (likely incorrectly) that
all bears would select the same path while traveling the significant
distance that separates existing populations. According to Cox et al.
(1994, p. 35), ``black bears likely require broader habitat areas
rather than thin corridors if connecting distant populations is a
goal.''
(2) The feasibility of delineating all existing forested areas that
are suitable for smaller scale movements that occur during immigration
and emigration between existing populations. Anderson (1997, p. 74 via
T. Edwards, USFWS, personal communication) found that bears would
travel along ``tree-lined ditches'' that were as narrow as 16 ft (5 m)
in width. Delineation of such small linkages (which are often abundant
and sinuous) that provide connectivity between existing populations is
not technically feasible.
(3) The presence of existing landscape features, such as large
water bodies, and State and Federal highways. Placing critical habitat
boundaries along large landscape features is preferable because those
features often affect or direct bear movements (i.e., form the actual
boundary of such movements) and because large landscape features can be
clearly defined for regulatory purposes.
We are proposing two such corridors for inclusion within the
critical habitat boundary. One occurs in the central portion of Unit 1,
and the other is the approximate southern half of Unit 2. The Unit 1
corridor location was selected because it incorporates more habitat
containing the essential physical and biological features (including
Buckhorn Wildlife Management Area and Bayou Cocodrie National Wildlife
Refuge) than any other feasible linkage between the existing
populations in that unit. Passage from one core breeding population
center to another, outside of that corridor, would involve relatively
significant lateral movements that would increase the travel distance
between populations, and would require the crossing of natural
hydrologic (e.g., the Tensas River) and manmade barriers (e.g., several
state highways) that would be otherwise unnecessary with a more direct
north to south route as currently delineated with the proposed
corridor. Similarly, the Unit 2 corridor location was selected to
maximize the inclusion of habitat containing the essential physical and
biological features (including Attakapas Island Wildlife Management
Area), and to provide the most direct linkage between populations
occurring in the northern portion of this unit and in Unit 3. That
corridor is located entirely within the Atchafalaya River Basin to
avoid the urban development and agricultural expanses occurring outside
the Basin levees. We delineated that corridor along the western edge of
the Atchafalaya River Basin to incorporate higher elevational areas
(based on recent surveys), as those areas would include a higher
proportion of suitable habitat. Those higher elevations are considered
more suitable because they would facilitate bear movement (by providing
more opportunities for dry passage) within the Basin, which is subject
to seasonal, long-term, and often severe riverine flooding.
There are lands within the critical habitat boundaries as depicted
on the map and described by the Universal Transerve Mercator (UTM)
coordinates for the corridors that do not contain the physical and
biological features essential for the conservation of the subspecies.
We attempted to be as precise as possible in delineating the critical
habitat based on the presence of essential features. Using the best
available data, we delineated possible travel corridor locations at a
landscape level (i.e., between populations). However, the nomadic
nature of bears and their spatially large habitat requirements make it
difficult to predict, at a local scale (e.g., shrub-lined ditches and
bayous, spoil banks, etc.), what route within the corridor a bear may
take while traveling the significant distance that separates existing
populations.
When determining proposed critical habitat boundaries within this
proposed rule, we made every effort to avoid including developed areas
such as buildings, paved areas, and other structures, as well as areas
in agricultural land use that lack the essential physical and
biological features for the Louisiana black bear. The scale of the maps
we prepared under the parameters for publication within the Code of
Federal Regulations may not reflect the exclusion of such developed or
agricultural land use areas. Any such structures and the land under
them inadvertently left inside critical habitat boundaries shown on the
maps of this proposed rule have been excluded by text in the proposed
rule and are not proposed for designation as critical habitat.
Therefore, Federal actions involving these areas would not trigger
section 7 consultation, unless the specific action would affect the
primary constituent elements in the surrounding critical habitat.
Proposed Critical Habitat Designation
We are proposing three units as critical habitat for the Louisiana
black bear. The critical habitat areas we describe below constitute our
current best assessment of areas that meet the definition of critical
habitat for the Louisiana black bear. Table 1 shows the occupied units.
The three areas we propose as critical habitat are: (1) Tensas River
Basin, (2) Upper Atchafalaya River Basin, and (3) Lower Atchafalaya
River Basin. The
[[Page 25366]]
approximate area of each proposed critical habitat unit is shown in
Table 2.
Table 1.--Occupancy of Louisiana Black Bear by Proposed Critical Habitat Units
[Total area estimates reflect all land within critical habitat unit boundaries. Acre and hectare values were
individually computer-generated using GIS software, rounded to nearest whole number, and then summed. Totals may
not match due to rounding]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Size of unit
Unit Occupied at time of Currently occupied? in acres
listing? (hectares)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 Tensas River Basin................... Yes....................... Yes....................... 677,256
(274,076)
2 Upper Atchafalaya River Basin........ Yes....................... Yes....................... 435,227
(176,130)
3 Lower Atchafalaya River Basin........ Yes....................... Yes....................... 219,152
(88,688)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 2.--Proposed Critical Habitat Units for the Louisiana Black Bear by Land Ownership Type
[Total area estimates reflect all land within critical habitat unit boundaries. Acre and hectare values were
computer generated individually using GIS software, rounded to nearest whole number, and then summed. Totals may
not match due to rounding]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Federal in Private in
Critical habitat unit acres State in acres acres Total in acres
(hectares) (hectares) (hectares) (hectares)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Tensas River Basin....................... 99,955 119,276 458,025 677,256
(40,450) (48,269) (185,356) (274,076)
2. Upper Atchafalaya River Basin............ 15,765 83,314 336,148 435,227
(6,380) (33,716) (136,148) (176,130)
3. Lower Atchafalaya River Basin............ 7,505 2,003 209,644 219,152
(3,037) (811) (84,840) (88,688)
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Total................................... 123,225 204,593 1,003,817 1,331,635
(49,867) (82,796) (406,344) (538,894)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
We present brief descriptions of all units, and reasons why they
meet the definition of critical habitat for the Louisiana black bear,
below.
Unit 1: Tensas River Basin Unit
Unit 1 consists of 677,256 ac (274,075 ha) of Federal, State, and
privately owned lands in the Tensas River Basin. It includes portions
of Avoyelles, East Carroll, Catahoula, Concordia, Franklin, Madison,
Richland, Tensas, West Carroll, and West Feliciana Parishes.
This unit was occupied at the time of listing, and currently
provides breeding and corridor habitat for the Louisiana black bear.
The perimeter of the northern portion of Unit 1 approximately coincides
with the boundaries of the Deltic Timber tracts, Tensas River National
Wildlife Refuge, and Big Lake Wildlife Management Area. The perimeter
of the southern portion of Unit 1 is bounded primarily by the Red River
Wildlife Management Area and Three Rivers Management Area on the north
and east, by the Red River, Bayou Jeansonne, and Bayou des Glaises on
the west, and the Lower Old River on the south.
The central portion of this unit serves as a corridor and extends
from the south boundaries of Big Lake Wildlife Management Area and
Tensas River National Wildlife Refuge in Franklin and Tensas Parishes,
to the north boundary of Red River Wildlife Management Area in
Concordia Parish. The Tensas River and Bayou Cocodrie form most of the
western boundary of that corridor. The eastern boundary of that
corridor includes the east property boundary of Buckhorn Wildlife
Management Area, and Louisiana State Highways 573, 566, and 15. This
area contains features essential to the conservation of the Louisiana
black bear because it serves as a corridor to maintain habitat linkages
for immigration and emigration between the existing breeding
populations at the northern and southern extents of this unit. Two of
the three recovery criteria listed in the Louisiana black bear recovery
plan (USFWS 1995, p. 14) specifically state that the eventual delisting
of the Louisiana black bear is contingent upon the establishment (where
absent) and long-term maintenance of such corridors. According to Clark
(1999, p. 111), the stability and long-term viability of disjunct
populations may be precluded in the absence of such corridors.
A relatively small section of breeding habitat along the west
border of this unit is not included within the proposed critical
habitat boundary because we determined it does not contain the physical
and biological features that are necessary for the conservation of the
Louisiana black bear. Our determination was based on the following
factors: (1) The area does not function as a corridor between existing
populations; (2) telemetry data suggest minimal bear use; and (3) the
minimum required area that was determined necessary for maintenance of
a viable population is achieved for the adjacent subpopulation within
Unit 1 without the inclusion of that area.
A significant portion of Unit 1 occurs within State and federally
owned or managed lands that include Tensas River National Wildlife
Refuge (70,000 ac (28,328 ha)), Big Lake Wildlife Management Area
(19,231 ac (7,783 ha)), Buckhorn Wildlife Management Area (11,262 ac
(4,558 ha)), Bayou Cocodrie National Wildlife Refuge (13,000 ac (5,261
ha)), Lake Ophelia National Wildlife Refuge (18,000 ac (7,284 ha)), Red
River Wildlife Management Area (41,681 ac (16,868 ha)), Three Rivers
Wildlife Management Area (27,380 ac (11,080 ha)), and Grassy Lake
Wildlife Management Area (12,983 ac (5,254 ha)). Habitat restoration
within Unit 1 has been primarily accomplished through the WRP,
administered by the Natural Resources Conservation Service
[[Page 25367]]
(NRCS)), and a major carbon sequestration/habitat restoration project,
initiated by Entergy Corporation, the Trust for Public Land,
Environmental Synergy, Inc., and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
Since the Louisiana black bear was listed as a threatened subspecies in
1992, approximately 53,487 ac (21,645 ha) of marginal agricultural land
has been restored in this unit as a result of the WRP program; the
program includes perpetual protection through conservation easements
for most such tracts. The State of Louisiana has purchased 2,420 ac
(979 ha) of Wetland Reserve Program lands as an addition to the
Buckhorn Wildlife Management Area. As part of an ongoing carbon
sequestration initiative, approximately 10,000 acres of marginal
agricultural land are planned for purchase, reforestation, and transfer
to the Service as an addition to the Tensas River National Wildlife
Refuge. The first phase of this project was completed in 2005 and
involved reforestation of 2,900 ac (1,174 ha) of land that were added
to the Refuge.
Unit 1 contains PCEs 1 and 2. Threats to this subspecies and its
habitat that may require special management of the physical and
biological features essential for the conservation of the subspecies in
this unit include continued habitat fragmentation (from such sources as
hydrocarbon exploration and production, transportation development,
agricultural activities, and urban sprawl), and human-induced mortality
(such as poaching, vehicle strikes, and nuisance abatement activities)
which is exacerbated by habitat fragmentation.
Unit 2: Upper Atchafalaya River Basin Unit
Unit 2 consists of 435,227 ac (176,130 ha) of Federal, State, and
privately owned lands in the Upper Atchafalaya River Basin. It includes
portions of Iberia, Iberville, Pointe Coupee, St. Martin, and St. Mary
Parishes. This unit was occupied at the time of listing and currently
supports breeding and corridor habitat for the Louisiana black bear.
The northern half of Unit 2 is bounded primarily by Louisiana Highway 1
on the north, Louisiana Highway 1 and the East Atchafalaya Basin Flood
Protection Levee on the east, the Atchafalaya River on the west, and
U.S. Interstate 10 on the south. The southern portion extends from U.S.
Interstate 10 in St. Martin Parish to U.S. Highway 90 in St. Mary
Parish. Its east and west boundaries approximately follow the West
Atchafalaya Basin Flood Protection Levee and the Atchafalaya River,
respectively. The southern portion of Unit 2 serves as a corridor to
maintain immigration and emigration between the existing core breeding
populations in Unit 3 and in the northern half of this unit. Two of the
three recovery criteria listed in the Louisiana black bear recovery
plan (USFWS 1995, p. 14) specifically state that the eventual delisting
of the Louisiana black bear is contingent upon the establishment (where
absent) and long-term maintenance of such corridors. According to Clark
(1999, p. 111), the stability and long-term viability of disjunct
populations may be precluded in the absence of such corridors.
Portions of Unit 2 occur within State and federally owned and
managed lands that include Atchafalaya National Wildlife Refuge (15,220
ac (6,159 ha)), Sherburne Wildlife Management Area (11,780 ac (4,767
ha)), the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers-owned Bayou Des Ourses Area
(17,000 ac (6,880 ha)), and Attakapas Island Wildlife Management Area
(27,962 ac (11,316 ha)). Habitat restoration within Unit 2 has been
relatively limited and primarily accomplished through the WRP program.
Approximately 1,526 ac (618 ha) of marginal agricultural land has been
restored in this unit as a result of that program; the program includes
perpetual protection through conservation easements for most such
tracts.
Unit 2 contains PCEs 1 and 2. Threats to this subspecies and its
habitat that may require special management of the physical and
biological features essential for the conservation of the subspecies in
this unit include continued habitat fragmentation (from such sources as
hydrocarbon exploration and production, transportation development,
agricultural activities, and urban sprawl), and human-induced mortality
(such as poaching, vehicle strikes, and nuisance abatement activities),
which is exacerbated by habitat fragmentation.
Unit 3: Lower Atchafalaya River Basin Unit
Unit 3 consists of 219,152 ac (88,688 ha) of Federal, State, and
privately owned lands in the Lower Atchafalaya River Basin. It lies
south of U.S. Highway 90 (Hwy. 90) in Iberia and St. Mary Parishes.
This unit was occupied at the time of listing by the Louisiana black
bear and currently supports breeding habitat.
In addition to bottomland hardwood forests, bears within this unit
also utilize upland hardwood habitats associated with four salt domes
(Avery, Cote Blanche, and Weeks Islands, and Belle Isle) and coastal
marshes adjacent to those forests. Virtually all of Unit 3 is privately
owned, with the exception of the 9,028-ac (3,654-ha) Bayou Teche
National Wildlife Refuge, which is unique in that it is the only
National Wildlife Refuge established specifically for the conservation
of the Louisiana black bear. The boundaries of Unit 3 approximately
coincide with U.S. Highway 90 to the north, the Gulf Intracoastal
Waterway to the south, Avery Island to the west, and the Lower
Atchafalaya River to the east.
A relatively small section of breeding habitat along the southeast
border of this unit was not included within the critical habitat
boundary because we determined it does not contain physical and
biological features that are necessary for the conservation of the
Louisiana black bear. Our determination was based on the following
factors: (1) The area consists primarily of marsh habitat, which is of
minimal value for bears (particularly in regard to foraging, bedding,
and denning); (2) the area does not function as a corridor between
existing populations or areas of high habitat value; (3) telemetry data
indicate minimal bear use; and (4) the minimum required area that was
determined necessary for maintenance of a viable population is achieved
for the adjacent subpopulation within Unit 3 without the inclusion of
that area.
A significant acreage of bottomland hardwood forests in private
ownership not associated with the four salt domes is flood-protected
via levees, man-made ditches, and pumps. Those flood protection
features have caused such forests to lose their wetland classification
and associated regulatory protection under the Clean Water Act.
Subsequently, there is continual development along the Hwy. 90 corridor
within Unit 3, most of which is not subject to Federal regulation. The
Federal Highway Administration and the Louisiana Department of
Transportation have proposed an upgrade of U.S. Highway 90, within this
unit, to Interstate Highway System standards as an extension of U.S.
Interstate Highway 49.
Unit 3 contains PCE 1. Threats to this subspecies and its habitat
that may require special management of the physical and biological
features essential for the conservation of the subspecies in this unit
include continued habitat fragmentation (from such sources as
hydrocarbon exploration and production, transportation development,
agricultural activities, and urban sprawl), and human-induced mortality
(such as poaching, vehicle strikes, and nuisance
[[Page 25368]]
abatement activities), which is exacerbated by habitat fragmentation.
Effects of Critical Habitat Designation
Section 7 Consultation
Section 7(a)(2) of the Act requires Federal agencies, including the
Service, to ensure that actions they fund, authorize, or carry out are
not likely to destroy or adversely modify critical habitat. Decisions
by the 5th and 9th Circuit Courts of Appeals have invalidated our
definition of ``destruction or adverse modification'' (50 CFR 402.02)
(see Gifford Pinchot Task Force v. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 378
F.3d 1059 (9th Cir 2004) and Sierra Club v. U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service et al., 245 F.3d 434, 442F (5th Cir. 2001)), and we do not rely
on this regulatory definition when analyzing whether an action is
likely to destroy or adversely modify critical habitat. Under the
statutory provisions of the Act, we determine destruction or adverse
modification on the basis of whether, with implementation of the
proposed Federal action, the affected critical habitat would remain
functional (or retain the current ability for the PCEs, and therefore
the essential physical and biological features) to be functionally
established) to serve its intended conservation role for the species.
If a species is listed or critical habitat is designated, section
7(a)(2) of the Act requires Federal agencies to ensure that activities
they authorize, fund, or carry out are not likely to jeopardize the
continued existence of the species or to destroy or adversely modify
its critical habitat. If a Federal action may affect a listed species
or its critical habitat, the responsible Federal agency (action agency)
must enter into consultation with us. As a result of this consultation,
we document compliance with the requirements of section 7(a)(2) through
our issuance of:
(1) A concurrence letter for Federal actions that may affect,
but are not likely to adversely affect, listed species or critical
habitat; or
(2) A biological opinion for Federal actions that may affect,
and are likely to adversely affect, listed species or critical
habitat.
When we issue a biological opinion concluding that a project is
likely to jeopardize the continued existence of a listed species or
destroy or adversely modify critical habitat, we also provide
reasonable and prudent alternatives to the project, if any are
identifiable. We define ``reasonable and prudent alternatives'' at 50
CFR 402.02 as alternative actions identified during consultation that:
Can be implemented in a manner consistent with the
intended purpose of the action,
Can be implemented consistent with the scope of the
Federal agency's legal authority and jurisdiction,
Are economically and technologically feasible, and
Would, in the Director's opinion, avoid jeopardizing the
continued existence of the listed species or destroying or adversely
modifying critical habitat.
Reasonable and prudent alternatives can vary from slight project
modifications to extensive redesign or relocation of the project. Costs
associated with implementing a reasonable and prudent alternative are
similarly variable.
Regulations at 50 CFR 402.16 require Federal agencies to reinitiate
consultation on previously reviewed actions in instances where we have
listed a new species or subsequently designated critical habitat that
may be affected and the Federal agency has retained discretionary
involvement or control over the action (or the agency's discretionary
involvement or control is authorized by law). Consequently, Federal
agencies may sometimes need to request reinitiation of consultation
with us on actions for which formal consultation has been completed, if
those actions with discretionary involvement or control may affect
subsequently listed species or designated critical habitat.
If a species is listed or critical habitat is designated, section
7(a)(2) of the Act requires Federal agencies to ensure that activities
they authorize, fund, or carry out are not likely to jeopardize the
continued existence of the species or to destroy or adversely modify
its critical habitat. Activities on State, Tribal, local, or private
lands requiring a Federal permit (such as a permit from the U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers under section 404 of the Clean Water Act (33 U.S.C.
1251 et seq.) or a permit from us under section 10 of the Act) or
involving some other Federal action (such as funding from the Federal
Highway Administration, Federal Aviation Administration, or the Federal
Emergency Management Agency) are subject to the section 7(a)(2)
consultation process. Federal actions not affecting listed species or
critical habitat, and actions on State, Tribal, local, or private lands
that are not federally funded, authorized, or permitted, do not require
section 7(a)(2) consultations.
Application of the Adverse Modification Standard
The key factor related to the adverse modification determination is
whether, with implementation of the proposed Federal action, the
affected critical habitat would continue to serve its intended
conservation role for the species, or would retain its current ability
for the primary constituent elements to be functionally established.
Activities that may destroy or adversely modify critical habitat are
those that alter the PCEs, and subsequently the essential physical and
biological features) to an extent that appreciably reduces the
conservation value of critical habitat for the Louisiana black bear.
Section 4(b)(8) of the Act requires us to briefly evaluate and
describe, in any proposed or final regulation that designates critical
habitat, activities involving a Federal action that may destroy or
adversely modify such habitat, or that may be affected by such
designation.
Activities that, when carried out, funded, or authorized by a
Federal agency, may affect critical habitat and therefore should result
in consultation for the Louisiana black bear include, but are not
limited to:
(1) Actions that would reduce the extent of habitat available for
population maintenance or expansion or that would negatively alter the
function of forested corridors, which facilitate genetic exchange
between existing populations, through the permanent conversion or
fragmentation of those forested habitats. Such activities could
include, but are not limited to, initiation or expansion of
agricultural operations; hydrocarbon exploration and development;
commercial, industrial, and residential development; flood control
projects that involve clearing of woody vegetation on U.S. Army Corps
of Engineers flowage easement lands; and other activities that would
require the permanent removal or fragmentation of forested wetlands.
(2) Actions that would create significant barriers to movement both
within and among existing populations. Those activities could reduce
the availability of habitat for foraging, denning, escape,
reproduction, and sheltering within populations, and severely limit or
prevent dispersal and genetic exchange among populations. Such actions
could include, but are not limited to road construction, large-scale or
wide-ranging development, and flood-control projects that would involve
barriers that are impermeable to bears.
[[Page 25369]]
(3) Actions performed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers that
would result in significant habitat losses on their flowage easement
lands within the Atchafalaya River Basin. Those activities could
include large-scale, temporary clearing of all woody vegetation on
easement lands to facilitate drainage of the Mississippi and
Atchafalaya Rivers during extraordinarily high water periods. Such
activities could temporarily eliminate habitat for foraging, denning,
escape, reproduction, and sheltering within populations occurring in
Unit 2, and severely limit or prevent dispersal and genetic exchange
between populations within Units 2 and 3.
Exclusion Under Section 4(b)(2) of the Act
Application of Section 4(b)(2) of the Act
Section 4(b)(2) of the Act states that the Secretary must designate
and revise critical habitat on the basis of the best available
scientific data after taking into consideration the economic impact,
national security impact, and any other relevant impact of specifying
any particular area as critical habitat. In considering whether to
exclude a particular area from the designation, we must identify the
benefits of including the area in the designation, identify the
benefits of excluding the area from the designation, and determine
whether the benefits of exclusion outweigh the benefits of inclusion.
The Secretary may exclude an area from critical habitat if he
determines that the benefits of such exclusion outweigh the benefits of
specifying such area as part of the critical habitat, unless he
determines, based on the best scientific data available, that the
failure to designate such area as critical habitat will result in the
extinction of the species. In making that determination, the
legislative history is clear that the Secretary has broad discretion
regarding which factors to use and how much weight to give to any
factor.
Under section 4(b)(2) of the Act, we must consider all relevant
impacts, including economic impacts. We consider a number of factors in
a section 4(b)(2) analysis. For example, we consider whether there are
lands owned or managed by the Department of Defense (DOD) where a
national security impact might exist. We also consider whether the
landowners have developed any conservation plans for the area, or
whether there are conservation partnerships that would be encouraged by
designation of, or exclusion of lands from, critical habitat. In
addition, we look at any tribal issues, and consider the government-to-
government relationship of the United States with tribal entities. We
also consider any social impacts that might occur because of the
designation.
In preparing this proposal, we have determined that the lands
within the proposed designation of critical habitat for Louisiana black
bear are not owned or managed by the Department of Defense, there are
currently no Habitat Conservation Plans (HCPs) for Louisiana black
bear, and the proposed designation does not include any Tribal lands or
trust resources. At the time of listing, approximately one-half of
Louisiana black bear breeding habitat was privately owned (BBCC 1997,
p. 31). Voluntary conservation efforts by private landowners are vital
for the conservation and recovery of this subspecies. Significant
progress has been made in habitat restoration for the Louisiana black
bear since listing. Since the Louisiana black bear was listed we
estimated an increase of more than 600,000 acres that are under some
form of protection from development or land conversion and that benefit
black bear conservation. One important component of those restoration
activities is management actions taken by private landowners. Within
critical habitat, over 55,000 ac (22,250 ha) of private lands have been
enrolled in the NRCS WRP, which has benefited Louisiana black bear
conservation since 1992. The WRP provides an incentive for private
landowners to convert non-productive farmland back to bottomland
hardwoods and many of these lands received higher rankings (when
evaluated for enrollment) because of their benefit to Louisiana black
bear conservation. Landowners enrolling in the WRP sign permanent
easements protecting the restored land from future conversion or
development. At this time, we are evaluating the sufficiency of
protection these WRP permanent easements provide. Therefore, we are
specifically soliciting public comments on the possible exclusion here
of private lands enrolled in the WRP via a permanent easement.
We anticipate no impact to national security, Tribal lands, or HCPs
from this proposed critical habitat designation. Based on the best
available information, we believe that all of these units contain the
features essential to the subspecies. At this time, we have not
analyzed areas for which the benefits of exclusion outweigh the
benefits of inclusion; therefore we are not identifying any specific
exclusions for the final rule designating critical habitat for
Louisiana black bear. However, during the development of a final
designation, we will be considering economic and other relevant impacts
and additional conservation plans, if available, such that areas may be
excluded from the final critical habitat designation under section
4(b)(2).
Economics
Section 4(b)(2) of the Act allows the Secretary to exclude areas
from critical habitat for economic reasons if the Secretary determines
that the benefits of such exclusion exceed the benefits of designating
the area as critical habitat. However, this exclusion cannot occur if
it will result in the extinction of the species concerned.
We are preparing an analysis of the economic impacts of proposing
critical habitat for the Louisiana black bear. We will announce the
availability of the draft economic analysis as soon as it is completed,
at which time we will seek public review and comment. At that time,
copies of the draft economic analysis will be available for downloading
from the Internet at http://www.regulations.gov, or from the Louisiana
Fish and Wildlife Office (see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT). We may
exclude areas from the final rule based on the information in the
economic analysis.
Peer Review
In accordance with our joint policy published in the Federal
Register on July 1, 1994 (59 FR 34270), we will seek the expert
opinions of at least three appropriate and independent specialists
regarding this proposed rule. The purpose of peer review is to ensure
that our critical habitat designation is based on scientifically sound
data, assumptions, and analyses. We have invited these peer reviewers
to comment during this public comment period on our specific
assumptions and conclusions in this proposed designation of critical
habitat.
We will consider all comments and information we receive during
this comment period on this proposed rule during our preparation of a
final determination. Accordingly, our final decision may differ from
this proposal.
Public Hearings
The Act provides for one or more public hearings on this proposal,
if we receive any requests for hearings. We must receive your request
for a public hearing by the date in the DATES section. Send your
request to the address shown in the ADDRESSES section. We will schedule
public hearings on this proposal, if any are requested, and announce
the dates, times, and places of those hearings, as well as how to
obtain
[[Page 25370]]
reasonable accommodations, in the Federal Register and local newspapers
at least 15 days before the first hearing.
Required Determinations
Regulatory Planning and Review
The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) has determined that this
rule is not significant and has not reviewed this rule under Executive
Order 12866 (E.O. 12866). OMB bases its determination upon the
following four criteria:
(a) Whether the rule will have an annual effect of $100 million or
more on the economy or adversely affect an economic sector,
productivity, jobs, the environment, or other units of the government.
(b) Whether the rule will create inconsistencies with other Federal
agencies' actions.
(c) Whether the rule will materially affect entitlements, grants,
user fees, loan programs, or the rights and obligations of their
recipients.
(d) Whether the rule raises novel legal or policy issues.
Regulatory Flexibility Act
Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA; 5 U.S.C. 601 et seq., as
amended by the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act
(SBREFA) of 1996), whenever an agency must publish a notice of
rulemaking for any proposed or final rule, it must prepare and make
available for public comment a regulatory flexibility analysis that
describes the effects of the rule on small entities (small businesses,
small organizations, and small government jurisdictions). However, no
regulatory flexibility analysis is required if the head of the agency
certifies the rule will not have a significant economic impact on a
substantial number of small entities. SBREFA amended the RFA to require
Federal agencies to provide a statement of the factual basis for
certifying that the rule will not have a significant economic impact on
a substantial number of small entities.
At this time, we lack the full economic information necessary to
provide an adequate factual basis for the required RFA finding.
Therefore, we defer the RFA finding until completion of the DEA
prepared under section 4(b)(2) of the Act and E.O. 12866. Our draft
economic analysis will provide updated and more complete information
and the required factual basis for the RFA finding. Upon completion of
the draft economic analysis, we will announce availability of the draft
economic analysis of the proposed designation in the Federal Register
and reopen the public comment period for the proposed designation. We
will include with this announcement, as appropriate, an initial
regulatory flexibility analysis or a certification that the rule will
not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small
entities accompanied by the factual basis for that determination. We
have concluded that deferring the RFA finding until completion of the
draft economic analysis is necessary to meet the purposes and
requirements of the RFA. Deferring the RFA finding in this manner will
ensure that we make a sufficiently informed determination based on
adequate economic information and provide the necessary opportunity for
public comment.
Unfunded Mandates Reform Act
In accordance with the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. 1501
et seq.), we make the following findings:
(a) This rule will not produce a Federal mandate. In general, a
Federal mandate is a provision in legislation, statute, or regulation
that would impose an enforceable duty upon State, local, or Tribal
governments, or the private sector, and includes both ``Federal
intergovernmental mandates'' and ``Federal private sector mandates.''
These terms are defined in 2 U.S.C. 658(5)-(7). ``Federal
intergovernmental mandate'' includes a regulation that ``would impose
an enforceable duty upon State, local, or [T]ribal governments,'' with
two exceptions. It excludes ``a condition of Federal assistance.'' It
also excludes ``a duty arising from participation in a voluntary
Federal program,'' unless the regulation ``relates to a then-existing
Federal program under which $500,000,000 or more is provided annually
to State, local, and Tribal governments under entitlement authority,''
if the provision would ``increase the stringency of conditions of
assistance'' or ``place caps upon, or otherwise decrease, the Federal
Government's responsibility to provide funding,'' and the State, local,
or Tribal governments ``lack authority'' to adjust accordingly. At the
time of enactment, these entitlement programs were: Medicaid; AFDC work
programs; Child Nutrition; Food Stamps; Social Services Block Grants;
Vocational Rehabilitation State Grants; Foster Care, Adoption
Assistance, and Independent Living; Family Support Welfare Services;
and Child Support Enforcement. ``Federal private sector mandate''
includes a regulation that ``would impose an enforceable duty upon the
private sector, except (i) a condition of Federal assistance or (ii) a
duty arising from participation in a voluntary Federal program.''
The designation of critical habitat does not impose a legally
binding duty on non-Federal government entities or private parties.
Under the Act, the only regulatory effect is that Federal agencies must
ensure that their actions do not destroy or adversely modify critical
habitat under section 7. While non-Federal entities that receive
Federal funding, assistance, or permits, or that otherwise require
approval or authorization from a Federal agency for an action may be
indirectly impacted by the designation of critical habitat, the legally
binding duty to avoid destruction or adverse modification of critical
habitat rests squarely on the Federal agency. Furthermore, to the
extent that non-Federal entities are indirectly impacted because they
receive Federal assistance or participate in a voluntary Federal aid
program, the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act would not apply, nor would
critical habitat shift the costs of the large entitlement programs
listed above on to State governments.
(b) We do not believe that this rule will significantly or uniquely
affect small governments. The government owned lands we are proposing
for critical habitat designation are owned by the State of Louisiana,
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Natural Resources Conservation Service,
and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. None of these government entities
fit the definition of ``small governmental jurisdiction.'' Therefore, a
Small Government Agency Plan is not required. However, we will further
evaluate this issue as we conduct our economic analysis, and review and
revise this assessment as warranted.
Takings
In accordance with E.O. 12630 (Government Actions and Interference
with Constitutionally Protected Private Property Rights), we have
analyzed the potential takings implications of designating critical
habitat for the Louisiana black bear in a takings implications
assessment. The takings implications assessment concludes that this
designation of critical habitat for the Louisiana black bear does not
pose significant takings implications for lands within or affected by
the designation.
Federalism
In accordance with E.O. 13132 (Federalism), this proposed rule does
not have significant Federalism effects. A Federalism assessment is not
required. In keeping with Department of
[[Page 25371]]
the Interior and Department of Commerce policy, we requested
information from, and coordinated development of, this proposed
critical habitat designation with appropriate State resource agencies
in Louisiana. The designation of critical habitat in areas currently
occupied by the Louisiana black bear may impose little additional
restrictions to those currently in place and, therefore, is believed to
have little incremental impact on State and local governments and their
activities. The designation may have some benefit to these governments
because the areas that contain the features essential to the
conservation of the species are more clearly defined, and the primary
constituent elements of the habitat essential to the conservation of
the species are specifically identified. This information does not
alter where and what federally sponsored activities may occur. However,
it may assist local governments in long-range planning (rather than
having them wait for case-by-case section 7 consultations to occur).
Civil Justice Reform
In accordance with E.O. 12988 (Civil Justice Reform), the
regulation meets the applicable standards set forth in sections 3(a)
and 3(b)(2) of the Order. We have proposed designating critical habitat
in accordance with the provisions of the Act. This proposed rule uses
standard property descriptions and identifies the primary constituent
elements within the designated areas to assist the public in
understanding the habitat needs of the Louisiana black bear.
Paperwork Reduction Act
This rule does not contain any new collections of information that
require approval by OMB under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44
U.S.C. 3501 et seq.). This rule will not impose recordkeeping or
reporting requirements on State or local governments, individuals,
businesses, or organizations. An agency may not conduct or sponsor, and
a person is not required to respond to, a collection of information
unless it displays a currently valid OMB control number.
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
It is our position that, outside the jurisdiction of the Circuit
Court of the United States for the Tenth Circuit, we do not need to
prepare environmental analyses as defined by NEPA (42 U.S.C. 4321 et
seq.) in connection with designating critical habitat under the Act. We
published a notice outlining our reasons for this determination in the
Federal Register on October 25, 1983 (48 FR 49244). This assertion was
upheld by the Circuit Court of the United States for the Ninth Circuit
(Douglas County v. Babbitt, 48 F.3d 1495 (9th Cir. 1995), cert. denied,
516 U.S. 1042 (1996)).
Clarity of the Rule
We are required by Executive Orders 12866 and 12988 and by the
Presidential Memorandum of June 1, 1998, to write all rules in plain
language. This means that each rule we publish must:
(a) Be logically organized;
(b) Use the active voice to address readers directly;
(c) Use clear language rather than jargon;
(d) Be divided into short sections and sentences; and
(e) Use lists and tables wherever possible.
If you feel that we have not met these requirements, send us
comments by one of the methods listed in the ADDRESSES section. To
better help us revise the rule, your comments should be as specific as
possible. For example, you should tell us the numbers of the sections
or paragraphs that are unclearly written, which sections or sentences
are too long, the sections where you feel lists or tables would be
useful, etc.
Government-to-Government Relationship With Tribes
In accordance with the President's memorandum of April 29, 1994,
Government-to-Government Relations with Native American Tribal
Governments (59 FR 22951), E.O. 13175, and the Department of the
Interior's manual at 512 DM 2, we readily acknowledge our
responsibility to communicate meaningfully with recognized Federal
Tribes on a government-to-government basis. In accordance with
Secretarial Order 3206 of June 5, 1997 (American Indian Tribal Rights,
Federal-Tribal Trust Responsibilities, and the Endangered Species Act),
we readily acknowledge our responsibilities to work directly with
Tribes in developing programs for healthy ecosystems, to acknowledge
that tribal lands are not subject to the same controls as Federal
public lands, to remain sensitive to Indian culture, and to make
information available to Tribes. We have determined that there are no
Tribal lands occupied at the time of listing that contain the features
essential for the conservation, and no Tribal lands that are essential
for the conservation, of the Louisiana black bear. Therefore, we have
not proposed designation of critical habitat for the Louisiana black
bear on Tribal lands.
Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use
On May 18, 2001, the President issued an Executive Order (E.O.
13211; Actions Concerning Regulations That Significantly Affect Energy
Supply, Distribution, or Use) on regulations that significantly affect
energy supply, distribution, and use. E.O. 13211 requires agencies to
prepare Statements of Energy Effects when undertaking certain actions.
We do not expect this proposed rule to significantly affect energy
supplies, distribution, or use. Therefore, this action is not a
significant energy action, and no Statement of Energy Effects is
required. However, we will further evaluate this issue as we conduct
our economic analysis, and review and revise this assessment as
warranted.
References Cited
A complete list of all references cited in this rulemaking is
available upon request from the Field Supervisor, Louisiana Fish and
Wildlife Office (see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT).
Author(s)
The primary author of this package is the Louisiana Fish and
Wildlife Office.
List of Subjects in 50 CFR Part 17
Endangered and threatened species, Exports, Imports, Reporting and
recordkeeping requirements, Transportation.
Proposed Regulation Promulgation
Accordingly, we propose to amend part 17, subchapter B of chapter
I, title 50 of the Code of Federal Regulations, as set forth below:
PART 17--[AMENDED]
1. The authority citation for part 17 continues to read as follows:
Authority: 16 U.S.C. 1361-1407; 16 U.S.C. 1531-1544; 16 U.S.C.
4201-4245; Public Law 99-625, 100 Stat. 3500; unless otherwise
noted.
2. In Sec. 17.11(h), revise the entry for ``Bear, Louisiana
black'' under ``MAMMALS'' in the List of Endangered and Threatened
Wildlife to read as follows:
Sec. 17.11 Endangered and threatened wildlife.
* * * * *
(h) * * *
[[Page 25372]]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Species Vertebrate
------------------------------------------------------------ population where Critical Special
Historic range endangered or Status When listed habitat rules
Common name Scientific name threatened
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mammals
* * * * * * *
Bear, Louisiana black.............. Ursus americanus U.S.A. (LA-all Entire T 456 17.95(a) 17.40(i)
luteolus. counties; MS-all
counties south of or
touching a line from
Greenville,
Washington County,
to Meridian,
Lauderdale County;
TX-all counties east
of or touching a
line from Linden,
Cass County, SW to
Bryan, Brazos
County, thence SSW
to Rockport, Aransas
County).
* * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. In Sec. 17.95, amend paragraph (a) by adding an entry for
Louisiana black bear (Ursus americanus luteolus), in the same order
that the subspecies appears in the table at Sec. 17.11 (h), to read as
follows:
Sec. 17.95 Critical habitat--fish and wildlife.
(a) Mammals.
* * * * *
Louisiana Black Bear (Ursus americanus luteolus)
(1) Critical habitat units are depicted for Avoyelles, East
Carroll, Catahoula, Concordia, Franklin, Iberia, Iberville, Madison,
Pointe Coupee, Richland, St. Martin, St. Mary, Tensas, West Carroll,
and West Feliciana Parishes, Louisiana, on the maps below.
(2) The primary constituent elements of critical habitat for the
Louisiana black bear are the habitat components that provide:
(i) Breeding habitat (i.e., within or contiguous to the home range
of females in a core breeding population) consisting of hardwood forest
areas having a diversity of age class and species and containing
sources of hard mast (acorns and nuts) produced by such species as
mature oaks, hickories, and pecan, and that may include one or more of
the following:
(A) Areas containing soft mast provided by a diversity of plant
species, including, but not limited to, blackberry, grape, mulberry,
sassafras, paw paw, etc., occurring primarily in forest openings, on
spoil banks, and in areas adjacent to forested habitat.
(B) Areas within forested habitat providing protein sources
consisting of beetles and other colonial insects found in rotting and
decaying wood found on the forest floor.
(C) Grasses and sedges found in forest openings, on spoil banks
with open canopies, and in vegetated areas adjacent to forested
habitats.
(D) Secure areas for reproduction, winter dormancy, day bedding,
and escape. These include areas with den trees (e.g., bald cypress,
overcup oak, American sycamore, etc); areas with a thick understory,
shrub-scrub habitat, openings along spoil banks, vegetated areas
adjacent to forests, or any vegetation that provides cover, limits
visibility, slows foot travel, or creates noise when traversed; early
successional forests (0 to 12 years) with an open canopy and dense
understory of shrubs, vines, and saplings; or areas with vegetation
such as palmetto, greenbriars, blackberry, dewberry, and downed trees.
(ii) Corridors consisting of:
(A) Habitat patches 12 ac (5 ha) or greater in size; or
(B) Forested areas greater than 150 ft (46 m) along waterways and
sloughs and having a diversity of plant species and age-classes of
sufficient area, quality, and configuration, as described in paragraph
(2)(i) of this entry, to provide dispersal habitat between breeding
populations to maintain genetic variability and promote stable or
increasing populations, and to provide habitat supporting safe
movement, foraging, and denning.
(3) Critical habitat does not include manmade structures (such as
buildings, aqueducts, runways, roads, and other paved areas) and the
land on which they are located existing within the legal boundaries on
the effective date of this rule.
(4) Critical habitat map units. Data layers defining map units were
created on a base of USGS digital ortho-photo quarter-quadrangles, and
critical habitat units were then mapped using Universal Transverse
Mercator (UTM) Zone 15N coordinates.
(5) Note: Index map follows:
BILLING CODE 4310-55-P
[[Page 25373]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP06MY08.113
BILLING CODE 4310-55-C
(6) Unit 1: Tensas River Basin.
(i) From USGS 1:24,000 scale digital ortho-photo quarter-
quadrangles: Acme SE; Acme SW; Big Bend NE; Big Bend NW; Big Bend SE;
Big Bend SW; Como NE; Como SE; Crowville NE; Crowville SE; Deer Park
NW; Deer Park SW; Delhi
[[Page 25374]]
NE; Delhi NW; Delhi SE; Delhi SW; Dunbarton NE; Dunbarton NW; Dunbarton
SE; Dunbarton SW; Epps NE; Epps NW; Epps SE; Epps SW; Fairview NW;
Fairview SW; Ferriday North NE; Ferriday North NW; Ferriday South NW;
Ferriday South SW; Fort Adams NW; Fort Adams SE; Fort Adams SW; Fortune
Fork NW; Fortune Fork SW; Foules NE; Foules NW; Foules SE; Foules SW;
Frogmore NE; Frogmore NW; Frogmore SE Frogmore SW; Gretna Green NE;
Gretna Green NW; Gretna Green SE; Gretna Green SW; Ile Natchitoches NE;
Ile Natchitoches NW; Ile Natchitoches SE; Ile Natchitoches SW; Indian
Lake NE; Indian Lake NW; Indian Lake SE; Indian Lake SW; Innis NE; Lac
Sainte Agnes NE; Lac Sainte Agnes NW; Lac Sainte Agnes SE; Lake Bruin
NW; Lake Mary NW; Lake Mary SW; Lamar SE; Larto Lake South SE; Larto
Lake South SW; Lower Sunk Lake NE; Lower Sunk Lake NW; Lower Sunk Lake
SE; Lower Sunk Lake SW; Monterry NE; Monterry SE; Newlight NE; Newlight
NW; Newlight SE; Newlight SW; Oakley NE; Oakley SE; Oakley SW; Panther
Lake NE; Panther Lake NW; Panther Lake SE; Panther Lake SW; Saranac NW;
Saranac SW; Simmesport NE; Simmesport NW; Slocum NE; Slocum NW; Slocum
SE; Slocum SW; Somerset NW; Tallulah SW; Tendale NE; Tendal NW; Tendal
SE; Tendal SW; Tensas Bluff NE; Tensas Bluff NW; Tensas Bluff SE;
Tensas Bluff SW; Turnbull Island NE; Turnbull Island NW; Turnbull
Island SE; Turnbull Island SW; Waterproof NE; Waterproof NW; Waterproof
SE; Waterproof SW; Waverly SE NE; Waverly SE NW; Waverly SE SE; Waverly
SE SW; Westwood NE; Westwood NW; Westwood SE; Westwood SW; Louisiana.
Land bounded by the following UTM Zone 15N, North American Datum of
1983 (NAD83) coordinates (E, N): 627070, 3431218; 618220, 3431485;
614348, 3433932; 615247, 3438430; 612584, 3440854; 626123, 3431776;
617768, 3431231; 614471, 3434089; 615216, 3438464; 612531, 3440860;
625650, 3432072; 617606, 3431085; 614560, 3434183; 615191, 3438488;
612475, 3440863; 625406, 3432226; 617426, 3430847; 614625, 3434252;
615151, 3438562; 612410, 3440872; 625184, 3432321; 617241, 3430530;
614683, 3434324; 615091, 3438681; 612322, 3440881; 624930, 3432387;
617093, 3430154; 614710, 3434353; 615039, 3438779; 612255, 3440892;
624737, 3432448; 616955, 3429720; 614780, 3434476; 615006, 3438858;
612193, 3440905; 624411, 3432472; 616887, 3429397; 614844, 3434624;
614974, 3438974; 612159, 3440910; 624152, 3432456; 616741, 3429104;
614916, 3434774; 614954, 3439032; 612123, 3440914; 623962, 3432377;
616551, 3428866; 614963, 3434868; 614934, 3439113; 612070, 3440914;
623811, 3432300; 616315, 3428667; 615037, 3435015; 614889, 3439374;
612016, 3440919; 623692, 3432226; 616016, 3428582; 615093, 3435134;
614835, 3439654; 611868, 3440941; 623602, 3432109; 615619, 3428516;
615142, 3435253; 614813, 3439755; 611779, 3440952; 623530, 3431990;
615339, 3428453; 615180, 3435338; 614789, 3439831; 611712, 3440966;
623446, 3431757; 615011, 3428360; 615209, 3435425; 614773, 3439862;
611571, 3440990; 623419, 3431670; 614759, 3428249; 615249, 3435523;
614739, 3439918; 611450, 3441008; 623334, 3431437; 614704, 3428322;
615319, 3435745; 614708, 3439959; 611383, 3441013; 623255, 3431289;
614560, 3428511; 615408, 3436020; 614668, 3440008; 611295, 3441024;
623065, 3431117; 614517, 3428564; 615464, 3436235; 614614, 3440064;
611239, 3441033; 622948, 3431070; 614473, 3428601; 615487, 3436304;
614504, 3440149; 611170, 3441028; 622678, 3431022; 614412, 3428635;
615500, 3436354; 614417, 3440211; 611094, 3441028; 622385, 3430980;
614354, 3428664; 615538, 3436456; 614363, 3440254; 610984, 3441026;
622260, 3430982; 614241, 3428701; 615574, 3436559; 614227, 3440348;
610893, 3441028; 622094, 3431032; 614176, 3428719; 615585, 3436627;
614135, 3440406; 610787, 3441030; 621887, 3431099; 614107, 3428730;
615587, 3436707; 614025, 3440460; 610608, 3441042; 621760, 3431186;
614107, 3428782; 615581, 3436841; 613927, 3440496; 610532, 3441048;
621631, 3431265; 614113, 3428816; 615569, 3436913; 613860, 3440527;
610402, 3441053; 621453, 3431395; 614113, 3428816; 615554, 3436978;
613761, 3440556; 610266, 3441055; 621313, 3431493; 614109, 3429208;
615547, 3437034; 613685, 3440583; 610009, 3441066; 621041, 3431681;
614106, 3429555; 615538, 3437211; 613605, 3440610; 609924, 3441071;
620787, 3431845; 612461, 3429548; 615529, 3437352; 613432, 3440675;
609836, 3441084; 620535, 3431940; 612453, 3431630; 615529, 3437392;
613372, 3440690; 609619, 3441095; 620265, 3432041; 612437, 3432776;
615540, 3437434; 613336, 3440699; 609519, 3441102; 620181, 3432104;
614028, 3432781; 615556, 3437468; 613267, 3440710; 609362, 3441109;
620101, 3432210; 614039, 3432872; 615540, 3437524; 613193, 3440726;
609255, 3441115; 620040, 3432284; 614061, 3433084; 615525, 3437631;
613117, 3440740; 609199, 3441118; 619964, 3432342; 614070, 3433250;
615518, 3437712; 613059, 3440748; 609120, 3441122; 619863, 3432366;
614066, 3433377; 615509, 3437763; 612987, 3440769; 609073, 3441129;
619771, 3432387; 614055, 3433494; 615489, 3437844; 612918, 3440784;
609013, 3441140; 619651, 3432384; 614048, 3433637; 615467, 3437947;
612860, 3440793; 608968, 3441140; 619548, 3432382; 614043, 3433702;
615435, 3438032; 612792, 3440809; 608905, 3441149; 619429, 3432265;
614055, 3433711; 615390, 3438139; 612750, 3440820; 608847, 3441158;
619265, 3432093; 614135, 3433755; 615319, 3438267; 612687, 3440834;
608789, 3441167; 618937, 3431821; 614231, 3433836; 615265, 3438379;
612631, 3440840; 608738, 3441176; 608662, 3441189; 609199, 3442359;
610214, 3445121; 611238, 3446431; 610214, 3445502; 608592, 3441198;
609224, 3442381; 610231, 3445174; 611279, 3446480; 610173, 3445521;
608529, 3441209; 609253, 3442414; 610239, 3445189; 611320, 3446544;
610132, 3445529; 608487, 3441218; 609275, 3442441; 610263, 3445215;
611291, 3446558; 610077, 3445529; 608467, 3441250; 609285, 3442476;
610292, 3445238; 611264, 3446575; 610050, 3445527; 608447, 3441270;
609300, 3442506; 610319, 3445254; 611233, 3446577; 610020, 3445496;
608429, 3441277; 609320, 3442570; 610382, 3445289; 611197, 3446571;
609981, 3445465; 608397, 3441290; 609333, 3442593; 610428, 3445310;
611166, 3446563; 609950, 3445435; 608366, 3441308; 609347, 3442607;
610471, 3445326; 611131, 3446542; 609925, 3445412; 608350, 3441326;
609374, 3442642; 610520, 3445344; 611106, 3446511; 609884, 3445383;
608344, 3441355; 609400, 3442664; 610567, 3445357; 611080, 3446472;
609825, 3445330; 608337, 3441487; 609435, 3442705; 610598, 3445369;
611051, 3446435; 609757, 3445287; 608328, 3441617; 609456, 3442759;
610624, 3445385; 611041, 3446405; 609691, 3445252; 608333, 3441639;
609466, 3442837; 610647, 3445408; 611022, 3446349; 609650, 3445221;
608348, 3441664; 609474, 3442941; 610665, 3445443; 611006, 3446316;
609589, 3445185; 608364, 3441697; 609470, 3443011; 610674, 3445476;
610981, 3446261; 609531, 3445152; 608362, 3441717; 609478, 3443060;
610696, 3445515; 610963, 3446218; 609490, 3445131; 608355, 3441755;
609486, 3443101; 610704, 3445541; 610959, 3446181; 609441, 3445125;
608341,
[[Page 25375]]
3441927; 609486, 3443148; 610713, 3445566; 610936, 3446134; 609390,
3445119; 608336, 3441975; 609493, 3443187; 610731, 3445591; 610930,
3446093; 609347, 3445133; 608334, 3442025; 609499, 3443236; 610741,
3445609; 610918, 3446050; 609331, 3445154; 608336, 3442056; 609493,
3443312; 610762, 3445625; 610909, 3446027; 609314, 3445191; 608339,
3442060; 609482, 3443409; 610791, 3445640; 610907, 3445997; 609296,
3445223; 608339, 3442060; 609466, 3443497; 610811, 3445650; 610885,
3445953; 609275, 3445275; 608347, 3442077; 609458, 3443554; 610846,
3445664; 610873, 3445923; 609263, 3445303; 608423, 3442165; 609449,
3443647; 610879, 3445677; 610844, 3445894; 609242, 3445359; 608461,
3442211; 609443, 3443694; 610899, 3445707; 610813, 3445839; 609210,
3445416; 608485, 3442226; 609447, 3443741; 610940, 3445759; 610731,
3445728; 609191, 3445451; 608511, 3442233; 609454, 3443776; 610961,
3445810; 610702, 3445693; 609142, 3445494; 608533, 3442238; 609472,
3443827; 610969, 3445857; 610665, 3445660; 609099, 3445533; 608572,
3442239; 609488, 3443870; 610977, 3445917; 610624, 3445644; 609062,
3445562; 608629, 3442241; 609501, 3443915; 610981, 3445960; 610583,
3445615; 609037, 3445586; 608666, 3442244; 609525, 3443956; 610987,
3446007; 610547, 3445588; 608990, 3445593; 608715, 3442250; 609548,
3443995; 610998, 3446040; 610536, 3445568; 608922, 3445607; 608793,
3442256; 609583, 3444048; 611002, 3446062; 610514, 3445529; 608883,
3445603; 608840, 3442271; 609613, 3444096; 611028, 3446107; 610499,
3445490; 608824, 3445611; 608894, 3442297; 609642, 3444147; 611043,
3446154; 610489, 3445459; 608764, 3445619; 608947, 3442324; 609681,
3444202; 611069, 3446197; 610471, 3445422; 608709, 3445632; 608976,
3442340; 609710, 3444235; 611100, 3446230; 610432, 3445398; 608660,
3445642; 609009, 3442347; 609747, 3444266; 611131, 3446278; 610387,
3445390; 608609, 3445656; 609039, 3442347; 609763, 3444284; 611151,
3446314; 610352, 3445392; 608541, 3445671; 609082, 3442347; 609819,
3444391; 611172, 3446355; 610307, 3445418; 608486, 3445689; 609111,
3442346; 610028, 3444758; 611184, 3446370; 610272, 3445449; 608434,
3445711; 609162, 3442347; 610165, 3445023; 611209, 3446400; 610237,
3445476; 608399, 3445728; 608365, 3445755; 607200, 3445385; 605828,
3445088; 605381, 3446338; 605733, 3447127; 608324, 3445791; 607175,
3445377; 605810, 3445098; 605351, 3446369; 605738, 3447148; 608289,
3445822; 607157, 3445375; 605810, 3445104; 605328, 3446404; 605738,
3447171; 608264, 3445861; 607145, 3445367; 605782, 3445127; 605322,
3446437; 605734, 3447199; 608244, 3445892; 607126, 3445355; 605767,
3445157; 605307, 3446461; 605733, 3447221; 608233, 3445919; 607118,
3445338; 605771, 3445189; 605289, 3446489; 605739, 3447247; 608217,
3445935; 607101, 3445330; 605779, 3445226; 605279, 3446506; 605738,
3447260; 608194, 3445949; 607069, 3445324; 605784, 3445267; 605268,
3446535; 605741, 3447270; 608164, 3445949; 607044, 3445320; 605789,
3445288; 605258, 3446560; 605754, 3447290; 608137, 3445929; 607017,
3445310; 605802, 3445309; 605254, 3446583; 605769, 3447309; 608063,
3445876; 606983, 3445303; 605803, 3445342; 605258, 3446604; 605779,
3447324; 607985, 3445824; 606950, 3445295; 605800, 3445373; 605264,
3446626; 605784, 3447339; 607877, 3445761; 606927, 3445289; 605794,
3445406; 605281, 3446641; 605795, 3447355; 607860, 3445744; 606898,
3445275; 605789, 3445433; 605296, 3446655; 605805, 3447372; 607838,
3445720; 606866, 3445265; 605787, 3445475; 605309, 3446673; 605810,
3447382; 607817, 3445699; 606825, 3445246; 605777, 3445512; 605322,
3446692; 605823, 3447398; 607793, 3445689; 606796, 3445240; 605775,
3445551; 605353, 3446713; 605833, 3447421; 607768, 3445685; 606757,
3445230; 605767, 3445584; 605378, 3446736; 605835, 3447439; 607747,
3445693; 606732, 3445219; 605761, 3445612; 605404, 3446742; 605823,
3447457; 607731, 3445707; 606691, 3445199; 605749, 3445643; 605424,
3446756; 605826, 3447480; 607710, 3445703; 606659, 3445189; 605738,
3445671; 605452, 3446759; 605841, 3447508; 607684, 3445689; 606630,
3445187; 605741, 3445709; 605475, 3446767; 605856, 3447533; 607637,
3445681; 606605, 3445189; 605761, 3445732; 605499, 3446782; 605876,
3447549; 607618, 3445673; 606577, 3445185; 605767, 3445770; 605529,
3446797; 605894, 3447571; 607592, 3445658; 606548, 3445180; 605779,
3445796; 605534, 3446813; 605895, 3447595; 607567, 3445632; 606507,
3445166; 605775, 3445827; 605550, 3446821; 605882, 3447622; 607553,
3445613; 606458, 3445156; 605766, 3445855; 605568, 3446835; 605876,
3447650; 607524, 3445601; 606417, 3445141; 605759, 3445885; 605578,
3446846; 605869, 3447674; 607505, 3445591; 606384, 3445129; 605754,
3445929; 605596, 3446862; 605879, 3447709; 607464, 3445584; 606363,
3445125; 605756, 3445970; 605606, 3446882; 605900, 3447725; 607444,
3445572; 606320, 3445117; 605751, 3446006; 605609, 3446895; 605918,
3447724; 607419, 3445550; 606279, 3445107; 605738, 3446024; 605613,
3446908; 605927, 3447714; 607411, 3445527; 606248, 3445100; 605701,
3446049; 605628, 3446922; 605950, 3447701; 607389, 3445521; 606220,
3445100; 605674, 3446070; 605636, 3446931; 605966, 3447714; 607362,
3445515; 606195, 3445103; 605637, 3446092; 605644, 3446948; 605978,
3447733; 607343, 3445515; 606169, 3445094; 605598, 3446121; 605657,
3446969; 605979, 3447753; 607315, 3445498; 606127, 3445094; 605570,
3446146; 605667, 3446977; 605978, 3447770; 607292, 3445494; 606086,
3445086; 605544, 3446162; 605675, 3447005; 605987, 3447789; 607276,
3445492; 606064, 3445082; 605511, 3446177; 605685, 3447020; 605986,
3447814; 607251, 3445476; 606031, 3445074; 605486, 3446190; 605695,
3447033; 605996, 3447821; 607239, 3445463; 605998, 3445074; 605468,
3446217; 605701, 3447047; 606010, 3447830; 607229, 3445435; 605959,
3445074; 605445, 3446251; 605710, 3447058; 606025, 3447847; 607227,
3445412; 605922, 3445074; 605424, 3446286; 605718, 3447083; 606037,
3447862; 607214, 3445404; 605863, 3445080; 605407, 3446302; 605731,
3447112; 606048, 3447883; 606048, 3447903; 606372, 3448573; 605898,
3449716; 604112, 3453023; 607252, 3461523; 606048, 3447922; 606379,
3448593; 605845, 3449777; 604114, 3453343; 607780, 3461019; 606056,
3447941; 606370, 3448609; 605792, 3449843; 604112, 3453859; 608187,
3460561; 606071, 3447955; 606351, 3448626; 605755, 3449904; 603180,
3453862; 608388, 3460205; 606088, 3447962; 606339, 3448634; 605704,
3449943; 601371, 3453846; 608490, 3460024; 606099, 3447990; 606314,
3448644; 605657, 3449993; 600479, 3453854; 608742, 3459714; 606104,
3448005; 606295, 3448654; 605612, 3450012; 600471, 3453415; 609049,
3459378; 606099, 3448026; 606282, 3448665; 605556, 3450044; 600056,
3453412; 609401, 3459156; 606089, 3448037; 606268, 3448682; 605485,
3450105; 600058, 3454213; 609565, 3459135; 606078, 3448054; 606257,
3448700; 605435, 3450173; 600492, 3454225; 609909, 3459140; 606071,
3448074; 606259, 3448718; 605400, 3450218; 600487, 3454484; 610086,
3459259; 606071, 3448092; 606247, 3448728; 605403, 3450242; 600784,
[[Page 25376]]
3454571; 610242, 3459484; 606093, 3448110; 606234, 3448749; 605390,
3450292; 601130, 3454851; 610567, 3459794; 606116, 3448120; 606221,
3448772; 605366, 3450356; 601567, 3455334; 610747, 3459852; 606130,
3448133; 606213, 3448798; 605331, 3450425; 601936, 3455611; 610759,
3459840; 606148, 3448153; 606211, 3448831; 605281, 3450504; 602695,
3455680; 610816, 3459865; 606168, 3448171; 606216, 3448856; 605220,
3450586; 602857, 3455956; 611009, 3459905; 606178, 3448189; 606218,
3448889; 605178, 3450636; 602742, 3456324; 611197, 3460003; 606183,
3448200; 606222, 3448918; 605128, 3450689; 602465, 3456670; 611321,
3460100; 606209, 3448212; 606237, 3448955; 605051, 3450774; 602097,
3456301; 611570, 3460254; 606227, 3448222; 606249, 3448987; 604948,
3450893; 601706, 3456255; 611620, 3460294; 606255, 3448230; 606244,
3449007; 604866, 3451012; 601268, 3456531; 612406, 3460241; 606272,
3448245; 606226, 3449009; 604800, 3451142; 601107, 3456923; 613128,
3460227; 606283, 3448261; 606199, 3449020; 604770, 3451213; 601084,
3457360; 614001, 3460241; 606287, 3448276; 606183, 3449035; 604680,
3451298; 601130, 3457867; 615554, 3460246; 606277, 3448284; 606175,
3449050; 604503, 3451488; 600762, 3458898; 616874, 3460254; 606264,
3448300; 606183, 3449078; 604371, 3451658; 600324, 3459566; 617149,
3460262; 606255, 3448315; 606188, 3449104; 604270, 3451798; 600094,
3460118; 617147, 3460707; 606241, 3448328; 606193, 3449139; 604231,
3451928; 600532, 3460763; 617150, 3460709; 606229, 3448348; 606183,
3449162; 604220, 3452012; 600808, 3461384; 617226, 3460649; 606219,
3448363; 606178, 3449179; 604217, 3452094; 601268, 3462167; 617333,
3460688; 606213, 3448378; 606159, 3449210; 604220, 3452176; 602097,
3462765; 617401, 3460717; 606216, 3448396; 606157, 3449245; 604236,
3452248; 602938, 3463027; 617565, 3460669; 606224, 3448415; 606165,
3449287; 604225, 3452290; 603338, 3463009; 617798, 3460639; 606237,
3448427; 606144, 3449311; 604204, 3452372; 603552, 3463002; 617905,
3460727; 606250, 3448437; 606104, 3449351; 604149, 3452481; 603755,
3463002; 618070, 3460766; 606270, 3448442; 606091, 3449380; 604135,
3452544; 603943, 3462961; 618041, 3460863; 606285, 3448455; 606083,
3449414; 604133, 3452608; 604138, 3462939; 618138, 3460814; 606291,
3448465; 606062, 3449456; 604165, 3452679; 604138, 3462920; 618225,
3460853; 606293, 3448493; 606038, 3449483; 604186, 3452748; 604322,
3462892; 618293, 3460979; 606300, 3448509; 606032, 3449507; 604202,
3452825; 605018, 3462654; 618351, 3461105; 606310, 3448527; 606027,
3449546; 604204, 3452893; 605822, 3462411; 618458, 3461221; 606324,
3448550; 605987, 3449575; 604178, 3452962; 606495, 3462154; 618555,
3461289; 606351, 3448568; 605935, 3449650; 604162, 3452999; 606832,
3461925; 618759, 3461318; 618875, 3461454; 626792, 3471141; 628362,
3475078; 630866, 3477820; 628178, 3483233; 618933, 3461551; 627020,
3471136; 628452, 3475178; 630946, 3477841; 628330, 3483398; 619020,
3461571; 627216, 3471083; 628479, 3475226; 630972, 3477884; 628494,
3483499; 619147, 3461600; 627381, 3471067; 628495, 3475295; 631030,
3477926; 628670, 3483552; 619205, 3461668; 627540, 3471056; 628532,
3475359; 631078, 3477953; 628834, 3483625; 619253, 3461735; 627699,
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[[Page 25377]]
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[[Page 25378]]
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[[Page 25379]]
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[[Page 25380]]
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[[Page 25381]]
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3547617; 655627, 3545871; 655952, 3542389; 651758, 3537944; 649050,
3533448; 655644, 3547604; 655626, 3545798; 655979, 3542346; 651752,
3537404; 649015, 3533369; 648580, 3533362; 644760, 3531384; 647669,
3526453; 650551, 3521246; 644462, 3520484; 647967, 3533353; 644636,
3531241; 647713, 3526460; 650421, 3521094; 644500, 3520088; 647926,
3533353; 644582, 3531130; 647754, 3526485; 650037, 3520688; 644481,
3520005; 647865, 3533340; 644564, 3531117; 647821, 3526533; 649955,
3520599; 644459, 3519926; 647770, 3533321; 644565, 3531110; 647891,
3526587; 649878, 3520440; 644405, 3519856; 647643, 3533277; 644544,
3531067; 647942, 3526619; 649758, 3520148; 644316, 3519808; 647561,
3533219; 644519, 3530997; 647996, 3526638; 649716, 3520024; 643966,
3519599; 647465, 3533197; 644484, 3530879; 648015, 3526638; 649488,
3520116; 643693, 3519440; 647399, 3533197; 644455, 3530711; 648040,
3526615; 649154, 3520240; 643538, 3519338; 647335, 3533200; 644449,
3530594; 648469, 3526219; 648897, 3520338; 643233, 3519167; 647275,
3533184; 644452, 3530517; 648627, 3526082; 648853, 3520351; 643138,
3519097; 647218, 3533153; 644395, 3530511; 648726, 3525961; 648789,
3520354; 643058, 3519033; 647110, 3533115; 644354, 3530514; 648805,
3525866; 648354, 3520354; 642982, 3518938; 646983, 3533070; 644370,
3530397; 648891, 3525774; 647777, 3520351; 642874, 3518827; 646840,
3533032; 644405, 3530273; 648973, 3525685; 647650, 3520351; 642757,
3518722; 646741, 3533016; 644465, 3530102; 649040, 3525564; 647573,
3520380; 642633, 3518675; 646678, 3533010; 644513, 3529962; 649113,
3525444; 647519, 3520418; 642519, 3518649; 646583, 3533010; 644586,
3529762; 649183, 3525326; 647443, 3520481; 642465, 3518611; 646497,
3532997; 644659, 3529600; 649250, 3525212; 647354, 3520577; 642366,
3518522; 646405, 3532975; 644754, 3529435; 649291, 3525107; 647278,
3520637; 642188, 3518345; 646335, 3532959; 644808, 3529349; 649351,
3524955; 647183, 3520681; 642036, 3518132; 646272, 3532902; 644840,
3529254; 649402, 3524825; 647110, 3520691; 641969, 3518033; 646221,
3532851; 644887, 3529063; 649453, 3524675; 647027, 3520688; 641852,
3517808; 646126, 3532769; 644960, 3528768; 649485, 3524583; 646948,
3520688; 641480, 3516887; 646078, 3532711; 645005, 3528603; 649501,
3524498; 646808, 3520704; 641353, 3516614; 645992, 3532629; 645049,
3528514; 649523, 3524412; 646691, 3520716; 641287, 3516541; 645941,
3532613; 645138, 3528368; 649548, 3524355; 646529, 3520738; 641157,
3516465; 645878, 3532613; 645243, 3528222; 649612, 3524282; 646367,
3520754; 641026, 3516386; 645814, 3532626; 645405, 3528035; 649723,
3524155; 646326, 3520755; 640925, 3516322; 645754, 3532638; 645468,
3527968; 649764, 3524091; 646326, 3520761; 640763, 3516249; 645713,
3532632; 645627, 3527816; 649777, 3524082; 646126, 3520792; 640601,
3516179; 645662, 3532610; 645748, 3527701; 649777, 3524082; 645875,
3520850; 640471, 3516112; 645608, 3532562; 645824, 3527650; 649897,
3523850; 645710, 3520891; 640372, 3516065; 645557, 3532492; 645983,
3527546; 649977, 3523701; 645513, 3520967; 640204, 3515966; 645443,
3532318; 646056, 3527492; 650040, 3523656; 645341, 3521040; 640096,
3515903; 645376, 3532238; 646465, 3527260; 650116, 3523612; 645183,
3521104; 639934, 3515817; 645275, 3532118; 646538, 3527212; 650174,
3523605; 645103, 3521167; 639845, 3515789; 645198, 3532010; 646649,
3527136; 650139, 3523024; 645008, 3521243; 639750, 3515789; 645068,
3531880; 646837, 3526977; 650123, 3522843; 644852, 3521370; 639655,
3515785; 645040, 3531822; 647243, 3526663; 650136, 3522770; 644709,
3521478; 639553, 3515776; 644973, 3531740; 647269, 3526628; 650113,
3522691; 644643, 3521529; 639394, 3515754; 644925, 3531670; 647332,
3526596; 650586, 3521472; 644621, 3521523; 639248, 3515738; 644881,
3531575; 647586, 3526463; 650612, 3521393; 644567, 3521443; 639087,
3515735; 644798, 3531476; 647627, 3526450; 650609, 3521326; 644557,
3521358; 638909, 3515738; 638756, 3515741; 638289, 3510816; 634378,
3509479; 624936, 3502867; 628776, 3496935; 638626, 3515741; 638217,
3510734; 634394, 3508561; 624936, 3502632; 628782, 3496936; 638540,
3515354; 638185, 3510701; 634396, 3507444; 624959, 3502521; 628781,
3496912; 638515, 3515265; 638151, 3510681; 634195, 3507449; 624968,
3502479; 628790, 3496912; 638493, 3515125; 637976, 3510569; 633235,
3507431; 625093, 3502178; 628867, 3496911; 638467, 3514992; 637948,
3510559; 632306, 3507412; 625213, 3501919; 628989, 3496912; 638486,
3514954; 637936, 3510565; 632076, 3507413; 625370, 3501591; 629149,
3496912; 638518, 3514833; 637918, 3510591; 632076, 3507412; 626064,
3500139; 629164, 3496915; 638556, 3514760; 637896, 3510609; 631160,
3507399; 626106, 3500014; 629325, 3496916; 638613, 3514677; 637886,
3510608; 631139, 3509839; 626166, 3499843; 629427, 3496918; 638664,
3514614; 637856, 3510602; 630998, 3509711; 626212, 3499691; 629439,
3496920; 638709, 3514531; 637823, 3510625; 630868, 3509595; 626254,
3499547; 629662, 3496922; 638744, 3514468; 637800, 3510640; 630374,
3509161; 626295, 3499469; 629709, 3496922; 638759, 3514363; 637638,
3510553; 630244, 3509008; 626369, 3499316; 629716, 3496925; 638750,
3514265; 637536, 3510469; 630138, 3508865; 626415, 3499150; 629978,
3496929; 638747, 3514141; 637430, 3510451; 629999, 3508666; 626457,
3498974; 629991, 3496932; 638748, 3514107; 636824, 3510349; 629846,
3508393; 626489, 3498808; 630208, 3496934; 638744, 3514079; 636704,
[[Page 25382]]
3510317; 629703, 3508231; 626499, 3498701; 630247, 3496913; 638721,
3514013; 636662, 3510266; 629587, 3508130; 626476, 3498558; 630277,
3496913; 638717, 3513979; 636611, 3510233; 629412, 3508028; 626471,
3498401; 630282, 3496915; 638726, 3513955; 636588, 3510247; 629236,
3507958; 626480, 3498276; 630384, 3496918; 638807, 3513892; 636542,
3510257; 628866, 3507861; 626499, 3498151; 630485, 3496918; 638813,
3513869; 636542, 3510312; 628607, 3507792; 626526, 3497980; 630493,
3496921; 638786, 3513767; 636556, 3510377; 628445, 3507764; 626531,
3497957; 630654, 3496924; 638775, 3513703; 636621, 3510627; 628334,
3507760; 626536, 3497961; 630659, 3496926; 638763, 3513590; 636630,
3510728; 628108, 3507760; 626660, 3498008; 630817, 3496926; 638761,
3513540; 636579, 3510811; 627895, 3507764; 626739, 3498031; 630894,
3496932; 638810, 3513392; 636177, 3511163; 627770, 3507797; 626818,
3498031; 630982, 3496934; 638873, 3513185; 635770, 3511514; 627632,
3507824; 626873, 3498035; 630998, 3496936; 638898, 3512936; 635562,
3511690; 627534, 3507861; 626993, 3498012; 631162, 3496939; 638919,
3512728; 635460, 3511769; 627488, 3507880; 627090, 3497980; 631167,
3496941; 638938, 3512582; 635317, 3511866; 627405, 3507884; 627206,
3497934; 631331, 3496943; 638933, 3512481; 635261, 3511903; 627386,
3507880; 627373, 3497878; 631336, 3496945; 638916, 3512347; 635183,
3511903; 627303, 3507843; 627479, 3497841; 631417, 3496945; 638887,
3512231; 634410, 3511991; 627248, 3507797; 627590, 3497818; 631826,
3496950; 638853, 3512074; 633721, 3512097; 627035, 3507431; 628357,
3497679; 632090, 3496953; 638850, 3512050; 633402, 3512166; 626984,
3507371; 628709, 3497610; 632086, 3497757; 638858, 3511953; 633333,
3512176; 626933, 3507353; 628792, 3497610; 632552, 3497752; 638855,
3511893; 632949, 3512176; 625763, 3507348; 628755, 3497471; 632884,
3497751; 638835, 3511832; 632339, 3511325; 625731, 3507251; 628752,
3497357; 632885, 3497681; 638749, 3511612; 631826, 3510660; 625657,
3506863; 628752, 3497271; 632886, 3497425; 638625, 3511211; 633003,
3510662; 625625, 3506636; 628770, 3497154; 632889, 3497200; 638516,
3511085; 633876, 3510668; 625172, 3504204; 628789, 3497074; 632891,
3496947; 638427, 3510976; 634350, 3510676; 624977, 3503117; 628776,
3497006; 632893, 3496702; 632893, 3496447; 632992, 3489361; 634467,
3485866; 633177, 3484760; 629839, 3461806; 632895, 3496201; 632989,
3489062; 634450, 3485855; 633161, 3484746; 629524, 3461660; 632899,
3495947; 632982, 3489066; 634431, 3485838; 633144, 3484723; 629358,
3461581; 632898, 3495715; 632973, 3489071; 634416, 3485821; 633125,
3484698; 629334, 3461559; 632899, 3495588; 632961, 3489084; 634397,
3485796; 633112, 3484666; 629164, 3461348; 632902, 3495459; 632943,
3489093; 634382, 3485778; 633109, 3484643; 629088, 3461258; 632902,
3495340; 632928, 3489103; 634361, 3485758; 633093, 3484627; 629067,
3461234; 632902, 3495275; 632895, 3489116; 634345, 3485734; 633074,
3484610; 629035, 3461216; 632903, 3495190; 632854, 3489143; 634328,
3485712; 633044, 3484578; 628987, 3461205; 632903, 3495190; 632763,
3489202; 634292, 3485670; 633031, 3484561; 628873, 3461163; 632912,
3494533; 632763, 3489203; 634236, 3485612; 633024, 3484554; 628821,
3461147; 632801, 3494531; 632702, 3489250; 634181, 3485557; 633042,
3481275; 628799, 3461141; 632784, 3494569; 632670, 3489270; 634141,
3485523; 633106, 3478970; 628770, 3461107; 632743, 3494628; 632614,
3489301; 634101, 3485499; 635695, 3478295; 628318, 3460525; 632724,
3494664; 632570, 3489318; 634049, 3485478; 635866, 3478295; 628309,
3460529; 632703, 3494699; 632577, 3488940; 634012, 3485461; 635301,
3477352; 628184, 3460366; 632681, 3494727; 632985, 3488945; 633991,
3485455; 635172, 3477172; 627754, 3459840; 632637, 3494779; 632982,
3488876; 633963, 3485442; 634812, 3476633; 627630, 3459658; 632604,
3494856; 632978, 3488668; 633926, 3485419; 634589, 3476307; 627617,
3459613; 632518, 3495035; 632977, 3488544; 633885, 3485389; 634358,
3475827; 627606, 3459570; 632500, 3495061; 632973, 3488406; 633850,
3485365; 634204, 3475270; 627588, 3459364; 632506, 3494899; 632970,
3488279; 633810, 3485367; 634118, 3474696; 627466, 3457922; 632517,
3494241; 632969, 3488167; 633795, 3485359; 634083, 3474532; 627447,
3457631; 632544, 3492923; 632970, 3487996; 633760, 3485344; 634084,
3474407; 627447, 3457562; 632937, 3492929; 633376, 3488006; 633730,
3485321; 633662, 3468424; 627461, 3457496; 632940, 3492736; 633401,
3486379; 633705, 3485302; 633614, 3468135; 627664, 3456813; 632945,
3492482; 633568, 3486380; 633656, 3485269; 633397, 3467749; 627693,
3456742; 632950, 3492242; 633858, 3486381; 633606, 3485227; 633336,
3467636; 627762, 3456641; 632952, 3491990; 634145, 3486382; 633571,
3485186; 633244, 3467494; 627804, 3456599; 632958, 3491739; 634412,
3486379; 633530, 3485141; 633225, 3467462; 628048, 3456411; 632961,
3491502; 634608, 3486380; 633498, 3485105; 633255, 3466022; 628630,
3455959; 632961, 3491292; 634605, 3486357; 633472, 3485074; 633269,
3465351; 628723, 3455887; 633066, 3491294; 634606, 3486336; 633455,
3485046; 633258, 3464185; 628746, 3455869; 633199, 3491293; 634608,
3486313; 633436, 3485014; 633261, 3464067; 628770, 3455832; 633334,
3491296; 634603, 3486274; 633413, 3484993; 632852, 3463963; 628834,
3455758; 633466, 3491296; 634594, 3486212; 633395, 3484991; 632527,
3463897; 628979, 3455572; 633596, 3491297; 634583, 3486164; 633376,
3484977; 632098, 3463776; 629252, 3455218; 633832, 3491300; 634561,
3486105; 633352, 3484949; 631666, 3463600; 629889, 3454392; 633831,
3490506; 634524, 3486014; 633321, 3484915; 631263, 3463378; 630059,
3454159; 632989, 3490495; 634512, 3485988; 633297, 3484881; 630865,
3463131; 630188, 3453990; 632171, 3490491; 634507, 3485963; 633271,
3484849; 630540, 3462834; 630230, 3453934; 632184, 3489673; 634495,
3485935; 633246, 3484820; 630265, 3462475; 631288, 3453835; 632996,
3489690; 634480, 3485914; 633219, 3484793; 630014, 3462099; 631720,
3454819; 632995, 3489610; 634475, 3485878; 633198, 3484776; 629971,
3462038; 632153, 3454465; 632650, 3454111; 633274, 3453516; 633566,
3453131; 633635, 3453079; 633868, 3452726; 634063, 3452327; 634223,
3451958; 634338, 3451217; 634382, 3450854; 634356, 3450389; 634275,
3450112; 634241, 3449864; 633676, 3449861; 633723, 3449540; 633583,
3448502; 633171, 3447753; 632488, 3447108; 631964, 3446518; 631534,
3445999; 631072, 3445114; 630997, 3443829; 631384, 3442719; 632210,
3441980; 633594, 3440733; 634405, 3439685; 635378, 3438749; 636938,
3437365; 637247, 3436192; 637072, 3435194; 636773, 3434209; 635837,
3433273; 635288, 3432804; 634103, 3432193; 632669, 3431519; 631309,
3431132; 630236, 3430683; 629550, 3430259; 628989, 3429735; 628278,
3429149; 627903, 3428941; 627696, 3428995; 627611, 3429276; 627488,
3429768; 627488, 3430042; 627684, 3430417; 627584, 3430657; 627261,
3431025; 627070, 3431218.
(ii) Map of Unit 1, Tensas River Basin, follows:
BILLING CODE 4310-55-P
[[Page 25383]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP06MY08.114
(7) Unit 2: Upper Atchafalaya River Basin.
(i) From USGS 1:24,000 scale digital ortho-photo quarter-
quadrangles: Batchelor NE; Batchelor NW; Batchelor SE; Batchelor SW;
Bayou Current NE; Bayou Current NW; Bayou Current SE; Big Bend SE;
Butte La Rose NE; Butte
[[Page 25384]]
La Rose NW; Butte La Rose SE; Butte La Rose SW; Catahoula NE; Catahoula
NW; Catahoula SE; Catahoula SW; Centerville NE; Centerville NE SW;
Centerville NW; Centerville NW NE; Centerville NW NW; Centerville NW
SE; Centerville NW SW; Centerville SE; Charenton NE; Charenton SE; Cow
Bayou NW; Cow Bayou SW; Erwinville NW; Fordoche NE; Fordoche NW;
Fordoche; Grand River SW; Innis NE; Innis NW; Innis SE; Innis Jackass
Bay NE; Jackass Bay NW; Jackass Bay SE; Jackass Bay SW; Krotz Springs
NE; Krotz Springs SE; Lacour SW; Lake Chicot NW; Lake Chicot SW; Lake
Mongoulois NE; Lake Mongoulois NW; Lake Mongoulois SE; Lake Mongoulois
SW; Loreauville NE; Lottie NE; Lottie NW; Lottie SE; Lottie SW;
Maringouin NE; Maringouin NW; Maringouin NW NE; Maringouin NW NW;
Maringouin NW SE; Maringouin NW SW; Maringouin SE; Maringouin SW;
Melville NE; Melville NW; Melville SE; Melville SW; Morganza NE;
Morganza NW; Morganza SE; Morganza SW; New Roads NW; New Roads SW;
North Bend NE; Patterson NE; Patterson NW; Portage NE; Simmesport NE;
Simmesport SE; Swayze Lake NE; Tiger Island NW; Tiger Island SE; Tiger
Island SW; Turnbull Island SE; Turnbull Island SW; Louisiana. Land
bounded by the following UTM Zone 15N, North American Datum of 1983
(NAD83) coordinates (E, N): 627070, 3431218; 622846, 3423182; 633656,
3402371; 632966, 3398656; 646698, 3394803; 624888, 3428860; 622925,
3423142; 633606, 3402336; 634014, 3398693; 646362, 3394427; 624679,
3428635; 623229, 3423055; 633535, 3402289; 635504, 3398712; 646209,
3394250; 624539, 3428524; 623782, 3422928; 633479, 3402262; 635494,
3399338; 646050, 3394104; 624367, 3428418; 623915, 3422888; 633437,
3402238; 635494, 3399372; 645933, 3393974; 624042, 3428281; 623970,
3422841; 633381, 3402196; 635496, 3399396; 645881, 3393906; 623468,
3428034; 624010, 3422775; 633347, 3402167; 635544, 3399422; 645661,
3393580; 622430, 3427587; 624036, 3422708; 633323, 3402151; 635846,
3399597; 645589, 3393480; 622200, 3427492; 624039, 3422621; 633302,
3402130; 635918, 3399551; 645468, 3393332; 622060, 3427426; 624042,
3422497; 632779, 3401762; 635951, 3399527; 645404, 3393228; 621981,
3427370; 624039, 3422327; 632003, 3401548; 636040, 3399480; 645322,
3393064; 621946, 3427328; 624050, 3422216; 631942, 3401534; 636154,
3399421; 645108, 3392480; 621888, 3427251; 624055, 3422145; 631868,
3401529; 636341, 3399358; 645050, 3392257; 621854, 3427180; 624132,
3421909; 631820, 3401532; 636450, 3399338; 645002, 3392091; 621814,
3427087; 624288, 3421478; 631688, 3401561; 636619, 3399306; 644968,
3392022; 621782, 3426973; 624843, 3419975; 631595, 3401595; 636803,
3399280; 644920, 3391961; 621774, 3426865; 625373, 3418525; 631444,
3401622; 638372, 3399028; 644865, 3391903; 621777, 3426770; 625833,
3417279; 631354, 3401654; 639888, 3398792; 644838, 3391853; 621795,
3426685; 625936, 3417054; 631026, 3401733; 639989, 3398792; 644806,
3391781; 621832, 3426561; 625962, 3417024; 630897, 3401765; 640124,
3398777; 644788, 3391681; 621891, 3426354; 626014, 3416951; 630831,
3401783; 640202, 3398766; 644767, 3391588; 622102, 3425785; 626081,
3416850; 630783, 3401796; 640415, 3398730; 644756, 3391522; 622166,
3425584; 626130, 3416712; 630741, 3401799; 640875, 3398660; 644751,
3391503; 622190, 3425518; 626156, 3416598; 630669, 3401788; 641602,
3398540; 644752, 3391502; 622206, 3425449; 626172, 3416494; 630555,
3401767; 641752, 3398520; 644732, 3391408; 622208, 3425338; 626208,
3416310; 630630, 3401728; 643510, 3398236; 644730, 3391367; 622198,
3425217; 626245, 3416157; 630641, 3401712; 644243, 3398125; 644774,
3391009; 622198, 3425132; 626297, 3415988; 630659, 3401601; 644367,
3398096; 644825, 3390779; 622161, 3425042; 626478, 3415492; 630624,
3401603; 644461, 3398075; 644857, 3390588; 622116, 3424955; 626629,
3415167; 630608, 3401598; 644591, 3398044; 644873, 3390432; 622081,
3424870; 626704, 3415027; 630606, 3401582; 644848, 3398005; 644888,
3390340; 622055, 3424793; 627548, 3413586; 630860, 3401180; 645996,
3397829; 644894, 3390274; 622020, 3424693; 628405, 3412111; 630862,
3401135; 645967, 3397408; 644915, 3390194; 622007, 3424621; 629298,
3410581; 630897, 3401138; 645967, 3397317; 644949, 3390054; 621997,
3424529; 630119, 3409164; 630966, 3401124; 645985, 3397247; 644973,
3389977; 621994, 3424465; 630257, 3408873; 631164, 3401079; 645998,
3397198; 645031, 3389853; 622002, 3424373; 630475, 3408413; 631249,
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3407782; 631347, 3401042; 646097, 3397045; 645187, 3389509; 622094,
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3396736; 643801, 3388837; 622065, 3423764; 633471, 3403277; 631677,
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3402558; 631677, 3401008; 646441, 3396572; 642679, 3388300; 622258,
3423576; 633820, 3402511; 631682, 3400747; 647313, 3395378; 642642,
3388271; 622330, 3423510; 633786, 3402484; 631738, 3399415; 647174,
3395300; 642597, 3388226; 622391, 3423468; 633762, 3402445; 631738,
3398944; 647021, 3395173; 642296, 3387903; 622568, 3423362; 633744,
3402431; 632249, 3398648; 646849, 3394988; 642256, 3387853; 642221,
3387829; 640139, 3384635; 639353, 3383407; 636625, 3383452; 628698,
3381254; 642147, 3387808; 640081, 3384608; 639345, 3383362; 636578,
3383487; 628694, 3381254; 642028, 3387773; 640005, 3384583; 639335,
3383328; 636519, 3383516; 628702, 3381206; 641962, 3387752; 639963,
3384576; 639319, 3383296; 636403, 3383553; 628720, 3380959; 641883,
3387728; 639922, 3384556; 639292, 3383273; 636191, 3383616; 628744,
3380645; 641825, 3387689; 639867, 3384566; 639239, 3383273; 636136,
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3383280; 636075, 3383632; 628792, 3380425; 641713, 3387580; 639814,
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3383550; 628958, 3380142; 641438, 3387220; 639707, 3384672; 638991,
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3384671; 638964, 3383143; 635453, 3383508; 630059, 3379015; 641404,
3387117; 639652, 3384664; 638927, 3383087; 635419, 3383500; 630194,
3378880; 641375, 3386998; 639610, 3384678; 638872, 3383050; 635384,
3383471; 630294, 3378785; 641330, 3386839; 639564, 3384651; 638832,
3383008; 635368, 3383445; 630390, 3378718; 641293, 3386699; 639552,
3384614; 638784, 3382968; 635339, 3383407; 630456, 3378679; 641242,
3386535; 639535, 3384579; 638750, 3382934; 635316, 3383384; 630519,
3378647; 641213, 3386424; 639522, 3384547; 638721, 3382913; 634905,
3383079; 630591, 3378610; 641105, 3386067; 639527, 3384511; 638697,
3382870; 634884, 3383053; 630765, 3378546; 641076, 3385940; 639549,
3384484; 638673, 3382831; 634871, 3383021; 631271, 3378343; 641057,
3385831; 639620, 3384461; 638636, 3382799; 634871, 3383000; 631866,
3378107;
[[Page 25385]]
641049, 3385702; 639655, 3384413; 638602, 3382767; 634882, 3382971;
632065, 3378025; 641049, 3385508; 639655, 3384365; 638554, 3382727;
634929, 3382910; 632239, 3377975; 641052, 3385463; 639623, 3384320;
638512, 3382688; 634939, 3382880; 632586, 3377877; 641110, 3385270;
639586, 3384294; 638477, 3382640; 634934, 3382855; 633006, 3377763;
641115, 3385244; 639525, 3384267; 638464, 3382614; 635368, 3382326;
633126, 3377734; 641123, 3385019; 639483, 3384230; 638438, 3382624;
636285, 3381183; 633274, 3377684; 641123, 3384889; 639472, 3384193;
638385, 3382529; 635295, 3381186; 633790, 3377491; 641134, 3384828;
639462, 3384138; 638361, 3382545; 634420, 3381205; 634104, 3377374;
641160, 3384773; 639454, 3384080; 638321, 3382561; 634179, 3381200;
634226, 3377329; 641216, 3384731; 639443, 3384000; 638276, 3382590;
633198, 3381222; 634263, 3377308; 641280, 3384699; 639443, 3383942;
638239, 3382603; 631550, 3381246; 634874, 3376964; 641356, 3384656;
639472, 3383915; 638125, 3382656; 631333, 3381259; 635208, 3376782;
641396, 3384643; 639493, 3383865; 638067, 3382690; 631196, 3381275;
635269, 3376745; 641391, 3384585; 639536, 3383799; 638020, 3382709;
630857, 3381307; 635330, 3376700; 641269, 3384582; 639565, 3383717;
637983, 3382730; 630783, 3381315; 635385, 3376647; 641139, 3384588;
639589, 3383667; 637935, 3382735; 630693, 3381323; 636623, 3375541;
641033, 3384574; 639604, 3383603; 637903, 3382749; 630613, 3381323;
637846, 3374453; 640946, 3384559; 639607, 3383558; 637800, 3382762;
630494, 3381320; 637917, 3374387; 640883, 3384572; 639581, 3383527;
637445, 3382778; 630336, 3381312; 637989, 3374303; 640798, 3384601;
639544, 3383505; 637387, 3382783; 630047, 3381302; 638182, 3374072;
640711, 3384633; 639499, 3383511; 637340, 3382804; 629902, 3381288;
639110, 3372980; 640634, 3384646; 639456, 3383511; 637022, 3383021;
629717, 3381283; 639198, 3372876; 640520, 3384662; 639422, 3383503;
636848, 3383228; 629238, 3381288; 639251, 3372781; 640377, 3384662;
639393, 3383474; 636755, 3383333; 629150, 3381286; 639285, 3372673;
640226, 3384656; 639364, 3383447; 636728, 3383370; 629005, 3381283;
639618, 3371511; 639925, 3370442; 642964, 3364183; 635436, 3350403;
641982, 3339188; 647361, 3327687; 639941, 3370395; 643004, 3364124;
635624, 3350218; 642000, 3338867; 647294, 3327386; 639949, 3370355;
643022, 3364061; 635820, 3349983; 641942, 3338513; 647194, 3327126;
639947, 3370329; 643035, 3363990; 635941, 3349715; 641894, 3338211;
647040, 3326901; 639928, 3370284; 641263, 3363413; 635976, 3349485;
641860, 3337997; 646921, 3326743; 639899, 3370220; 639760, 3362926;
635947, 3349387; 641847, 3337687; 646683, 3326571; 639891, 3370191;
638043, 3362365; 635923, 3349186; 641905, 3337394; 646345, 3326372;
639944, 3370006; 636556, 3361878; 635835, 3349009; 642117, 3337087;
646125, 3326219; 640222, 3369069; 635191, 3361434; 635745, 3348821;
642267, 3336931; 646003, 3326068; 640243, 3368992; 633944, 3361029;
635655, 3348636; 642429, 3336685; 645850, 3325809; 640251, 3368958;
632338, 3360502; 635616, 3348477; 642741, 3336330; 645747, 3325478;
640248, 3368916; 631046, 3360107; 635613, 3348300; 643011, 3335989;
645651, 3325034; 640240, 3368873; 630832, 3360037; 635658, 3348088;
643373, 3335549; 645588, 3324285; 640253, 3368831; 630888, 3359920;
635756, 3347982; 643569, 3335370; 645577, 3324055; 640343, 3368524;
630967, 3359714; 635973, 3347776; 643799, 3335161; 645516, 3323597;
640388, 3368386; 631049, 3359436; 636293, 3347564; 644059, 3334938;
645490, 3322930; 641179, 3367027; 631107, 3359142; 636582, 3347355;
644233, 3334766; 645495, 3322533; 641176, 3367026; 631181, 3358809;
636952, 3347114; 644419, 3334563; 645556, 3322179; 641199, 3366993;
631269, 3358333; 637235, 3346937; 644546, 3334332; 645638, 3321882;
641337, 3366752; 631351, 3357949; 637571, 3346768; 644643, 3334147;
645813, 3321520; 641437, 3366580; 631472, 3357661; 637894, 3346561;
644733, 3333922; 646027, 3321144; 641477, 3366511; 631636, 3357169;
638116, 3346368; 644844, 3333684; 646427, 3320522; 641829, 3365701;
631771, 3356809; 638251, 3346228; 644987, 3333488; 646654, 3320120;
641871, 3365603; 631877, 3356486; 638444, 3345964; 645117, 3333385;
646884, 3319755; 641903, 3365559; 631965, 3356203; 638555, 3345649;
645268, 3333285; 647324, 3319131; 641982, 3365503; 632052, 3355827;
638669, 3345191; 645517, 3333155; 647649, 3318789; 642027, 3365455;
632163, 3355444; 638722, 3344950; 645786, 3333025; 647882, 3318456;
642049, 3365434; 632314, 3354957; 638748, 3344850; 646011, 3332885;
647924, 3318380; 642062, 3365408; 632388, 3354689; 638865, 3344635;
646212, 3332713; 648218, 3318515; 642131, 3365080; 632446, 3354470;
639161, 3344281; 646400, 3332541; 649246, 3318965; 642149, 3365021;
632541, 3354137; 639431, 3343976; 646519, 3332369; 649984, 3319318;
642160, 3365000; 632597, 3353951; 639648, 3343728; 646583, 3332187;
650094, 3318803; 642194, 3364963; 632658, 3353761; 640045, 3343191;
646654, 3331962; 650269, 3318425; 642218, 3364942; 632721, 3353562;
640778, 3342378; 646699, 3331716; 650349, 3317885; 642231, 3364918;
632846, 3353396; 640979, 3342193; 646794, 3331396; 650458, 3317341;
642279, 3364770; 632949, 3353218; 641072, 3342013; 646829, 3331054;
650641, 3316710; 642340, 3364561; 633213, 3352914; 641209, 3341802;
646845, 3330649; 650971, 3316118; 642358, 3364503; 633420, 3352710;
641410, 3341574; 646863, 3330537; 651409, 3315613; 642382, 3364479;
633623, 3352488; 641548, 3341389; 646853, 3330143; 651870, 3315103;
642408, 3364479; 633851, 3352216; 641669, 3341204; 646847, 3329817;
652218, 3314835; 642451, 3364484; 633981, 3351985; 641767, 3340947;
646903, 3329497; 652496, 3314789; 642493, 3364490; 634174, 3351718;
641834, 3340661; 646982, 3329172; 653092, 3314154; 642514, 3364492;
634404, 3351409; 641860, 3340304; 647159, 3328727; 653501, 3313549;
642541, 3364490; 634613, 3351173; 641884, 3339944; 647292, 3328415;
653656, 3313255; 642623, 3364434; 634923, 3350856; 641902, 3339558;
647337, 3328174; 653863, 3312929; 642932, 3364233; 635087, 3350686;
641910, 3339455; 647371, 3327886; 654016, 3312734; 654261, 3312571;
657231, 3304726; 658375, 3296693; 664568, 3290025; 660530, 3290620;
654779, 3312040; 657268, 3304633; 658774, 3295820; 664569, 3290010;
660491, 3290514; 655085, 3311727; 657295, 3304525; 659272, 3295259;
664568, 3289995; 660483, 3290487; 655520, 3311187; 657329, 3304403;
660366, 3294671; 664561, 3289975; 660459, 3290471; 655821, 3310703;
657353, 3304303; 661615, 3293839; 664562, 3289939; 660430, 3290453;
656152, 3310123; 657379, 3304192; 662046, 3293586; 664536, 3289918;
659475, 3289874; 656420, 3309433; 657400, 3304139; 662613, 3293297;
664409, 3290106; 658988, 3289580; 656706, 3308621; 657427, 3304096;
663166, 3293083; 664330, 3290210; 658943, 3289548; 656727, 3308069;
657488, 3304075; 663402, 3292981; 664272, 3290268; 658906, 3289500;
656627, 3307566; 657564, 3304051; 663748, 3292686; 664219, 3290302;
658572, 3289125; 656524, 3307243; 657609, 3303993; 663854, 3292615;
[[Page 25386]]
664171, 3290329; 658549, 3289082; 656680, 3307072; 657668, 3303911;
664065, 3292498; 664052, 3290350; 658530, 3289045; 656881, 3306925;
657707, 3303829; 664330, 3292387; 663901, 3290374; 658427, 3288725;
656903, 3306890; 657739, 3303766; 664444, 3292342; 663742, 3290395;
658022, 3287487; 656945, 3306856; 657749, 3303678; 664563, 3292281;
663605, 3290419; 657800, 3286884; 656966, 3306811; 657772, 3303556;
664623, 3292223; 663539, 3290429; 657665, 3286430; 656948, 3306758;
657706, 3303497; 664658, 3292130; 663430, 3290445; 657657, 3286429;
656884, 3306708; 657584, 3303365; 664663, 3292064; 663316, 3290464;
657073, 3286613; 656839, 3306684; 657462, 3303185; 664653, 3291998;
663197, 3290479; 657063, 3286619; 656792, 3306676; 657380, 3303042;
664626, 3291945; 663102, 3290501; 657064, 3286618; 656731, 3306660;
657322, 3302910; 664578, 3291876; 663017, 3290519; 657122, 3286758;
656697, 3306642; 657280, 3302762; 664526, 3291802; 662933, 3290548;
657397, 3287600; 656652, 3306599; 657238, 3302556; 664483, 3291728;
662700, 3290667; 657590, 3288219; 656617, 3306560; 657208, 3302426;
664459, 3291662; 662594, 3290718; 657500, 3289190; 656604, 3306525;
657171, 3302243; 664438, 3291588; 662409, 3290810; 657429, 3289865;
656593, 3306462; 657142, 3302100; 664438, 3291519; 662335, 3290847;
657393, 3290148; 656593, 3306398; 657116, 3301931; 664459, 3291440;
662261, 3290879; 657326, 3290444; 656599, 3306337; 657103, 3301704;
664483, 3291374; 662205, 3290895; 657270, 3290702; 656625, 3306263;
657105, 3301338; 664515, 3291281; 662150, 3290905; 657025, 3291234;
656649, 3306171; 657103, 3301182; 664541, 3291181; 662102, 3290911;
656916, 3291377; 656662, 3306091; 657100, 3301066; 664581, 3291067;
661890, 3290934; 656807, 3291530; 656697, 3306004; 657095, 3300931;
664600, 3290982; 661779, 3290945; 656704, 3291668; 656720, 3305906;
657103, 3300759; 664616, 3290921; 661739, 3290948; 655916, 3292737;
656742, 3305832; 657116, 3300608; 664637, 3290837; 661687, 3290961;
655754, 3292959; 656752, 3305755; 657116, 3300516; 664653, 3290733;
661605, 3290990; 655522, 3293271; 656771, 3305676; 657066, 3300460;
664658, 3290633; 661515, 3291024; 655302, 3293575; 656781, 3305591;
656986, 3300394; 664668, 3290506; 661406, 3291064; 655231, 3293676;
656829, 3305477; 656883, 3300367; 664676, 3290384; 661332, 3291085;
655180, 3293747; 656863, 3305393; 656819, 3300254; 664682, 3290262;
661287, 3291091; 655133, 3293800; 656908, 3305290; 656748, 3300079;
664687, 3290220; 661258, 3291093; 655059, 3293869; 656956, 3305210;
656740, 3299862; 664682, 3290196; 661200, 3291083; 654717, 3294181;
656982, 3305144; 656756, 3299621; 664679, 3290172; 661004, 3290972;
654170, 3294700; 657043, 3305067; 656819, 3299455; 664663, 3290120;
660821, 3290866; 654143, 3294745; 657107, 3304996; 656952, 3299002;
664639, 3290075; 660594, 3290741; 654125, 3294800; 657141, 3304924;
657199, 3298261; 664608, 3290061; 660575, 3290718; 654013, 3295343;
657189, 3304840; 657591, 3297607; 664580, 3290045; 660554, 3290688;
653765, 3296608; 653640, 3297245; 649928, 3304863; 644569, 3311553;
646125, 3314913; 643196, 3316922; 653630, 3297311; 649915, 3304902;
644388, 3311790; 646165, 3314937; 643071, 3316996; 653619, 3297396;
649918, 3304934; 644235, 3312140; 646125, 3314963; 643021, 3317028;
653606, 3297449; 650058, 3305458; 644139, 3312525; 646079, 3314936;
642955, 3317044; 653505, 3297957; 650233, 3306130; 644167, 3312802;
646041, 3314916; 642894, 3317039; 653466, 3298110; 650267, 3306241;
644151, 3313172; 646014, 3314943; 642796, 3317036; 653405, 3298412;
650280, 3306328; 644168, 3313523; 645921, 3314967; 642717, 3317028;
653400, 3298481; 650283, 3306394; 644331, 3313868; 645899, 3315009;
642632, 3317039; 653341, 3299402; 650256, 3306439; 644721, 3314357;
645939, 3315005; 642566, 3317047; 653307, 3299910; 650217, 3306474;
644992, 3314536; 645973, 3314996; 642452, 3317089; 653254, 3300674;
650166, 3306492; 645212, 3314638; 645995, 3315009; 642315, 3317200;
653222, 3301071; 650135, 3306492; 645379, 3314723; 645984, 3315026;
642127, 3317367; 653214, 3301113; 650069, 3306490; 645525, 3314789;
645974, 3315043; 642005, 3317565; 653185, 3301166; 649894, 3306466;
645645, 3314899; 646002, 3315045; 641695, 3317959; 653146, 3301209;
649145, 3306365; 645727, 3314932; 646040, 3315017; 641465, 3318319;
653077, 3301246; 649142, 3306397; 645754, 3314852; 646071, 3315037;
641349, 3318489; 653021, 3301248; 649146, 3306556; 645678, 3314735;
646061, 3315076; 641227, 3318671; 652929, 3301248; 649211, 3306658;
645706, 3314626; 646017, 3315121; 641042, 3318928; 652860, 3301238;
648998, 3306713; 645834, 3314579; 645959, 3315169; 640915, 3319131;
652825, 3301230; 648645, 3306761; 645878, 3314558; 645904, 3315178;
640809, 3319258; 652736, 3301198; 648493, 3306776; 645937, 3314498;
645925, 3315294; 640701, 3319420; 652691, 3301193; 648381, 3306807;
645976, 3314500; 645908, 3315438; 640603, 3319560; 652627, 3301211;
648218, 3306841; 645919, 3314561; 645908, 3315507; 640560, 3319624;
651997, 3301394; 647956, 3306950; 645800, 3314614; 645938, 3315688;
640513, 3319729; 651921, 3301420; 647750, 3307123; 645712, 3314658;
645927, 3315807; 640431, 3319893; 651878, 3301452; 647478, 3307375;
645703, 3314734; 645894, 3315930; 640211, 3320264; 651833, 3301500;
647206, 3307634; 645753, 3314782; 645885, 3316087; 640129, 3320386;
651799, 3301571; 647072, 3307769; 645767, 3314745; 645796, 3316261;
640050, 3320531; 651772, 3301661; 646989, 3307949; 645815, 3314767;
645680, 3316369; 639907, 3320700; 651751, 3301748; 646857, 3308067;
645868, 3314770; 645545, 3316457; 639748, 3320965; 651690, 3301992;
646738, 3308247; 645926, 3314792; 645397, 3316515; 639645, 3321063;
651680, 3302013; 646592, 3308551; 645911, 3314840; 645262, 3316544;
639513, 3321214; 651637, 3302058; 646455, 3308737; 645932, 3314850;
645148, 3316547; 639364, 3321373; 651619, 3302082; 646222, 3308979;
645998, 3314762; 645003, 3316552; 638968, 3321830; 651587, 3302206;
646474, 3309445; 646036, 3314727; 644907, 3316549; 638560, 3322338;
651450, 3302743; 646273, 3309542; 646079, 3314702; 644820, 3316554;
638354, 3322627; 651415, 3302873; 646046, 3309684; 646074, 3314649;
644683, 3316602; 638258, 3322746; 651399, 3302910; 645913, 3309844;
646087, 3314652; 644548, 3316639; 638118, 3322971; 651365, 3302971;
645780, 3310026; 646095, 3314703; 644357, 3316689; 637925, 3323243;
651227, 3303209; 645583, 3310262; 646133, 3314660; 644201, 3316734;
637798, 3323420; 651190, 3303267; 645404, 3310470; 646173, 3314693;
644026, 3316771; 637168, 3324370; 651061, 3303418; 645302, 3310602;
646160, 3314761; 643831, 3316811; 636697, 3325071; 650799, 3303735;
645173, 3310819; 646137, 3314812; 643637, 3316848; 636478, 3325413;
650701, 3303847; 645066, 3310995; 646095, 3314817; 643473, 3316859;
636269, 3325775; 650410, 3304235; 644909, 3311180; 646089, 3314862;
643362, 3316875; 636131, 3326077; 650240, 3304455; 644760, 3311373;
646086, 3314893; 643251, 3316898; 636028, 3326291; 635986, 3326336;
[[Page 25387]]
631191, 3332448; 626185, 3340774; 625604, 3345476; 627376, 3348394;
635963, 3326376; 631019, 3332601; 626172, 3340854; 625620, 3345540;
627347, 3348463; 635829, 3326550; 630831, 3332734; 626153, 3340907;
625646, 3345571; 627321, 3348548; 635699, 3326630; 630516, 3332908;
626150, 3340941; 625694, 3345585; 627279, 3348723; 635432, 3326712;
630304, 3333011; 626172, 3340962; 625744, 3345585; 627236, 3348868;
635173, 3326762; 630164, 3333056; 626177, 3340997; 625792, 3345598;
627175, 3349064; 634956, 3326825; 629989, 3333133; 626174, 3341047;
625855, 3345619; 627128, 3349223; 634699, 3326915; 629204, 3333588;
626148, 3341094; 626072, 3345722; 627075, 3349355; 634437, 3327005;
629093, 3333572; 626140, 3341153; 626130, 3345743; 627011, 3349511;
634292, 3327095; 628370, 3333975; 626137, 3341206; 626188, 3345770;
626948, 3349646; 634196, 3327185; 628227, 3334070; 626137, 3341256;
626241, 3345775; 626898, 3349754; 633987, 3327307; 628079, 3334186;
626137, 3341322; 626321, 3345791; 626855, 3349828; 633762, 3327384;
627920, 3334319; 626142, 3341364; 626382, 3345812; 626810, 3349921;
633569, 3327421; 627796, 3334488; 626137, 3341452; 626487, 3345844;
626734, 3350082; 633387, 3327453; 627569, 3334834; 626137, 3341534;
626575, 3345870; 626673, 3350167; 633276, 3327495; 627354, 3335197;
626132, 3341621; 626715, 3345926; 626607, 3350265; 633167, 3327580;
627309, 3335290; 626129, 3341698; 626789, 3345974; 626564, 3350344;
633085, 3327714; 627203, 3335541; 626116, 3341801; 626982, 3346082;
626554, 3350416; 633024, 3327847; 627293, 3335660; 626097, 3341901;
627112, 3346156; 626535, 3350511; 632985, 3327979; 627383, 3335845;
626087, 3341968; 627242, 3346228; 626519, 3350604; 632971, 3328127;
627611, 3336271; 626071, 3342103; 627337, 3346286; 626482, 3350646;
632993, 3328228; 627640, 3336390; 626071, 3342187; 627406, 3346310;
626376, 3350699; 633037, 3328339; 627658, 3336515; 626055, 3342243;
627517, 3346344; 626326, 3350757; 633096, 3328458; 627664, 3336673;
626037, 3342293; 627702, 3346405; 626284, 3350823; 633120, 3328529;
627658, 3336864; 626010, 3342343; 627935, 3346479; 626255, 3350934;
633109, 3328601; 627658, 3336991; 625992, 3342391; 628146, 3346553;
626231, 3351059; 633085, 3328736; 627624, 3337110; 625981, 3342465;
628244, 3346582; 626247, 3351231; 633053, 3328802; 627545, 3337271;
625973, 3342539; 628342, 3346603; 626284, 3351538; 633043, 3328895;
627256, 3337557; 625952, 3342648; 628345, 3346653; 626323, 3351744;
633022, 3328987; 627092, 3337753; 625941, 3342796; 628308, 3346704;
626339, 3351956; 633011, 3329096; 626994, 3337835; 625933, 3342941;
628226, 3346783; 626350, 3352194; 633000, 3329180; 626857, 3338012;
625925, 3343055; 628154, 3346886; 626339, 3352324; 632961, 3329299;
626769, 3338123; 625902, 3343211; 628014, 3347079; 626297, 3352482;
632926, 3329408; 626595, 3338303; 625883, 3343425; 627802, 3347413;
626220, 3352765; 632836, 3329768; 626513, 3338430; 625873, 3343529;
627742, 3347479; 626186, 3352911; 632760, 3330122; 626383, 3338692;
625813, 3344140; 627689, 3347564; 626091, 3353226; 632746, 3330228;
626293, 3338954; 625789, 3344410; 627641, 3347669; 625863, 3353744;
632728, 3330313; 626314, 3339594; 625770, 3344661; 627609, 3347725;
625686, 3354221; 632678, 3330374; 626328, 3339819; 625768, 3344801;
627540, 3347863; 625670, 3354430; 632609, 3330416; 626359, 3340063;
625760, 3344920; 627519, 3347908; 625733, 3354633; 632241, 3331149;
626357, 3340137; 625744, 3345016; 627493, 3347974; 625874, 3354861;
632006, 3331559; 626341, 3340216; 625670, 3345204; 627458, 3348098;
626016, 3355107; 631897, 3331749; 626314, 3340340; 625665, 3345251;
627443, 3348183; 626112, 3355313; 631844, 3331818; 626291, 3340425;
625662, 3345288; 627424, 3348252; 626157, 3355501; 631715, 3331921;
626248, 3340616; 625625, 3345344; 627413, 3348318; 626114, 3355671;
631471, 3332178; 626198, 3340698; 625606, 3345399; 627408, 3348352;
626003, 3355887; 625892, 3356012; 626988, 3362872; 620852, 3370228;
620569, 3378594; 621288, 3393373; 625696, 3356168; 627059, 3363002;
620823, 3370453; 620428, 3378890; 621399, 3393696; 625508, 3356261;
627048, 3363140; 620780, 3370694; 620301, 3379176; 621298, 3394037;
625355, 3356321; 626935, 3363277; 620757, 3370844; 620111, 3379615;
621224, 3394231; 625101, 3356406; 626752, 3363346; 620709, 3370987;
619995, 3379798; 621028, 3394725; 624768, 3356533; 626535, 3363388;
620627, 3371299; 619979, 3379860; 621010, 3394884; 624561, 3356631;
626233, 3363457; 620495, 3371585; 619978, 3379859; 621036, 3395080;
624363, 3356763; 626054, 3363507; 620378, 3371792; 619825, 3380275;
621071, 3395337; 624178, 3356909; 625733, 3363785; 620278, 3371982;
619722, 3380524; 621129, 3395635; 623289, 3357491; 625498, 3364058;
620145, 3372191; 619622, 3380763; 621161, 3395797; 623183, 3357581;
625419, 3364351; 619981, 3372403; 619476, 3380999; 621293, 3396278;
623043, 3357713; 625326, 3364598; 619875, 3372622; 619306, 3381361;
621317, 3396747; 622926, 3357864; 625284, 3364746; 619746, 3372895;
619200, 3381813; 621269, 3397173; 622873, 3357988; 625196, 3364984;
619666, 3373085; 619210, 3382109; 621169, 3397649; 622871, 3358142;
625133, 3365222; 619627, 3373239; 619320, 3382697; 620949, 3398123;
622939, 3358308; 625056, 3365412; 619571, 3373464; 619399, 3383092;
620650, 3398639; 623021, 3358441; 624892, 3365693; 619510, 3373691;
619439, 3383481; 620311, 3399041; 623156, 3358594; 624702, 3365891;
619473, 3373845; 619429, 3383920; 620079, 3399535; 623278, 3358737;
624479, 3366159; 619405, 3374160; 619446, 3384315; 619914, 3400102;
623394, 3358872; 624270, 3366320; 619320, 3374490; 619446, 3384418;
619869, 3400255; 623471, 3359052; 623992, 3366558; 619238, 3374699;
619458, 3384433; 619861, 3400253; 623519, 3359234; 623783, 3366823;
619193, 3374919; 619457, 3384433; 619868, 3400327; 623585, 3359441;
623601, 3367056; 619217, 3375104; 619584, 3384957; 619640, 3400773;
623656, 3359560; 623455, 3367325; 619330, 3375252; 619703, 3385534;
619457, 3401105; 623736, 3359666; 623424, 3367566; 619428, 3375366;
619716, 3385819; 619159, 3401333; 623815, 3359732; 623405, 3367878;
619627, 3375533; 619697, 3386192; 619022, 3401608; 623953, 3359793;
623426, 3368191; 619926, 3375707; 619586, 3386521; 619010, 3401951;
624096, 3359832; 623453, 3368460; 620270, 3375760; 619465, 3386827;
619068, 3402363; 624265, 3359885; 623434, 3368754; 620579, 3375734;
619354, 3387142; 619136, 3402654; 624429, 3359965; 623365, 3368953;
620878, 3375633; 619316, 3387603; 619216, 3403069; 624561, 3360065;
623193, 3369273; 621013, 3375636; 619430, 3387910; 619202, 3403302;
624688, 3360171; 623006, 3369439; 621241, 3375662; 619676, 3388248;
619102, 3403524; 624813, 3360280; 622714, 3369524; 621394, 3375734;
620015, 3388518; 618845, 3404038; 624916, 3360428; 622537, 3369532;
621577, 3375834; 620325, 3388648; 618689, 3404392; 625022, 3360637;
622415, 3369474; 621680, 3375985; 620510, 3388889; 618562, 3404644;
625127, 3360864; 622299, 3369355; 621730, 3376160; 620618, 3389230;
[[Page 25388]]
618475, 3404916; 625212, 3361049; 622087, 3369180; 621751, 3376387;
620587, 3389521; 618377, 3405369; 625310, 3361248; 621958, 3369111;
621733, 3376557; 620497, 3389899; 618268, 3405697; 625477, 3361494;
621794, 3369080; 621669, 3376808; 620235, 3390751; 618173, 3405951;
625641, 3361732; 621614, 3369090; 621548, 3377107; 620187, 3390997;
618057, 3406109; 625797, 3361917; 621426, 3369135; 621429, 3377306;
620139, 3391339; 617953, 3406255; 625972, 3362087; 621296, 3369220;
621296, 3377488; 620073, 3392336; 617726, 3406575; 626146, 3362248;
621161, 3369334; 621148, 3377671; 620126, 3392540; 617385, 3406948;
626376, 3362399; 621032, 3369469; 620997, 3377859; 620229, 3392667;
617012, 3407268; 626681, 3362579; 620899, 3369670; 620828, 3378065;
620587, 3392849; 616662, 3407512; 626868, 3362732; 620870, 3369918;
620727, 3378266; 621055, 3393069; 616265, 3407702; 615797, 3407959;
615575, 3408133; 615220, 3408451; 615099, 3408618; 614898, 3408768;
614323, 3409067; 614151, 3409173; 613956, 3409448; 613905, 3409755;
613985, 3410070; 614260, 3410409; 614554, 3410708; 614929, 3411049;
615030, 3411332; 615017, 3411557; 614900, 3411975; 614673, 3412383;
614255, 3412735; 613839, 3413036; 613408, 3413285; 613056, 3413584;
612826, 3413851; 612742, 3413986; 612633, 3414255; 612561, 3414561;
612585, 3414665; 612665, 3414729; 613011, 3414753; 613390, 3414765;
613692, 3414792; 613947, 3414860; 614170, 3415008; 614294, 3415147;
614425, 3415330; 614493, 3415529; 614505, 3415713; 614497, 3416029;
614518, 3416714; 614484, 3417219; 614499, 3417547; 614497, 3418034;
614574, 3418523; 614587, 3419005; 614539, 3419704; 614534, 3420407;
614558, 3421386; 614592, 3421889; 614536, 3422667; 614452, 3423252;
614362, 3424283; 614367, 3424675; 614346, 3425212; 614304, 3425633;
614208, 3426024; 614084, 3426572; 614089, 3426810; 614071, 3426879;
614074, 3426892; 614073, 3426892; 614073, 3427291; 614202, 3427646;
614318, 3427812; 614662, 3428146; 614759, 3428248; 614759, 3428249;
615011, 3428360; 615339, 3428453; 615619, 3428516; 616016, 3428582;
616315, 3428667; 616551, 3428866; 616741, 3429104; 616887, 3429397;
616955, 3429720; 617093, 3430154; 617241, 3430530; 617426, 3430847;
617606, 3431085; 617768, 3431231; 618220, 3431485; 618937, 3431821;
619265, 3432093; 619429, 3432265; 619548, 3432382; 619651, 3432384;
619771, 3432387; 619863, 3432366; 619964, 3432342; 620040, 3432284;
620101, 3432210; 620181, 3432104; 620265, 3432041; 620535, 3431940;
620787, 3431845; 621041, 3431681; 621313, 3431493; 621453, 3431395;
621631, 3431265; 621760, 3431186; 621887, 3431099; 622094, 3431032;
622260, 3430982; 622385, 3430980; 622678, 3431022; 622948, 3431070;
623065, 3431117; 623255, 3431289; 623334, 3431437; 623419, 3431670;
623446, 3431757; 623530, 3431990; 623602, 3432109; 623692, 3432226;
623811, 3432300; 623962, 3432377; 624152, 3432456; 624411, 3432472;
624737, 3432448; 624930, 3432387; 625184, 3432321; 625406, 3432226;
625650, 3432072; 626123, 3431776; 627070, 3431218.
(ii) Map of Unit 2, Upper Atchafalaya River Basin, follows:
BILLING CODE 4310-55-P
[[Page 25389]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP06MY08.115
BILLING CODE 4310-55-C
(8) Unit 3: Lower Atchafalaya River Basin.
(i) From USGS 1:24,000 scale digital ortho-photo quarter-
quadrangles: Belle Isle NE; Belle Isle NW; Belle Isle SE; Belle Isle
SW; Centerville SW; Delcambre NE; Delcambre SE; Delcambre SW; Ellerslie
NE; Ellerslie
[[Page 25390]]
NW; Ellerslie SE; Ellerslie SW; Franklin NE; Franklin NW; Franklin SE;
Franklin SW; Hammock Lake NE; Hammock Lake NW; Jeanerette SE;
Jeanerette SW; Kemper NE; Kemper NW; Kemper SE; Kemper SW; Marone Point
NW; Morgan City NW; Morgan City SW; New Iberia South NW; New Iberia
South SE; New Iberia South SW; North Bend NE; North Bend NW; North Bend
SE; North Bend SW; Patterson NE; Patterson NW; Patterson SE; Patterson
SW; Point Chevreuil NE; Point Chevreuil SE; Tigre Lagoon NE; Tigre
Lagoon NW; Weeks NE; Weeks NW; Weeks SE; Weeks SW; Louisiana. Land
bounded by the following UTM Zone 15N, North American Datum of 1983
(NAD83) coordinates (E, N): 657063, 3286619; 671647, 3285905; 667016,
3281314; 657375, 3280537; 654804, 3269766; 657073, 3286613; 671861,
3285961; 666873, 3281180; 657139, 3280592; 654915, 3269700; 657657,
3286429; 672126, 3286077; 666730, 3281063; 656978, 3280629; 655005,
3269623; 657665, 3286430; 672911, 3286434; 666529, 3280920; 656793,
3280661; 655119, 3269546; 657665, 3286429; 672967, 3286246; 666368,
3280867; 656644, 3280698; 655148, 3269506; 657852, 3286390; 672967,
3285937; 666069, 3280780; 656300, 3280764; 655185, 3269459; 658082,
3286365; 673010, 3285579; 665849, 3280777; 655978, 3280843; 655193,
3269377; 658302, 3286356; 672934, 3285412; 665667, 3280791; 655737,
3280899; 655193, 3269334; 658609, 3286347; 672740, 3285154; 665521,
3280783; 655513, 3280933; 655164, 3269252; 658847, 3286323; 672633,
3285003; 665331, 3280761; 655185, 3279748; 655143, 3269184; 659180,
3286275; 672470, 3284865; 665169, 3280719; 655063, 3279389; 655143,
3269109; 659564, 3286212; 672296, 3284718; 664944, 3280640; 654873,
3278907; 655159, 3269027; 660786, 3286026; 672129, 3284539; 664796,
3280587; 654690, 3278312; 655177, 3268956; 663189, 3285655; 671998,
3284353; 664645, 3280547; 654616, 3277952; 655209, 3268863; 663376,
3285622; 671847, 3284178; 664471, 3280481; 654532, 3277751; 655243,
3268797; 663408, 3285611; 671760, 3284059; 664283, 3280425; 654423,
3277494; 655317, 3268768; 663516, 3285582; 671621, 3283952; 664159,
3280391; 654264, 3276941; 655410, 3268721; 663667, 3285521; 671474,
3283880; 663934, 3280333; 653780, 3275526; 655463, 3268670; 663799,
3285434; 671307, 3283813; 663616, 3280253; 653386, 3274303; 655500,
3268623; 664268, 3285043; 671208, 3283726; 663352, 3280198; 653225,
3273803; 655622, 3268430; 664654, 3284730; 671081, 3283591; 663010,
3280113; 653090, 3273420; 655675, 3268387; 664760, 3284651; 670958,
3283456; 662814, 3280037; 652984, 3272927; 655722, 3268350; 664895,
3284564; 670863, 3283348; 662587, 3279992; 652939, 3272451; 655788,
3268342; 665220, 3284386; 670728, 3283225; 662407, 3279976; 652891,
3272155; 655849, 3268340; 665307, 3284365; 670633, 3283063; 662243,
3279986; 652814, 3271687; 655923, 3268358; 665455, 3284328; 670498,
3282837; 662111, 3279989; 652780, 3271470; 655966, 3268371; 665620,
3284310; 670367, 3282586; 661976, 3280015; 652762, 3271287; 656013,
3268382; 665752, 3284302; 670315, 3282438; 661849, 3280044; 652722,
3271049; 656064, 3268398; 665916, 3284312; 670143, 3282219; 661738,
3280042; 652680, 3270808; 656122, 3268411; 666038, 3284331; 669982,
3282180; 661462, 3280071; 652912, 3270753; 656196, 3268435; 666170,
3284365; 669847, 3282166; 660992, 3280116; 652976, 3270747; 656281,
3268445; 666268, 3284400; 669688, 3282132; 660788, 3280148; 653084,
3270750; 656355, 3268448; 666350, 3284421; 669501, 3282071; 660618,
3280169; 653217, 3270734; 656415, 3268430; 666942, 3284564; 669360,
3282021; 660423, 3280190; 653346, 3270721; 656447, 3268385; 668205,
3284892; 669207, 3281952; 660325, 3280203; 653447, 3270700; 656447,
3268334; 668358, 3284931; 669072, 3281902; 659938, 3280227; 653571,
3270665; 656445, 3268268; 668453, 3284968; 668858, 3281812; 659595,
3280235; 653717, 3270636; 656410, 3268226; 668567, 3285019; 668627,
3281714; 659224, 3280251; 653838, 3270612; 656373, 3268176; 668750,
3285095; 668471, 3281650; 659047, 3280253; 653963, 3270570; 656328,
3268149; 668877, 3285156; 668254, 3281587; 658920, 3280253; 654055,
3270517; 656278, 3268115; 668977, 3285199; 668045, 3281529; 658721,
3280261; 654129, 3270440; 656241, 3268070; 669091, 3285252; 667889,
3281534; 658518, 3280288; 654198, 3270358; 656228, 3268022; 669152,
3285273; 667590, 3281531; 658235, 3280335; 654331, 3270221; 656236,
3267943; 669223, 3285294; 667426, 3281526; 658078, 3280383; 654468,
3270083; 656267, 3267871; 670001, 3285500; 667281, 3281492; 657867,
3280436; 654587, 3269972; 656312, 3267816; 671385, 3285842; 667122,
3281412; 657631, 3280486; 654709, 3269856; 656363, 3267752; 656397,
3267691; 654524, 3265694; 650404, 3270744; 649914, 3272534; 648339,
3272450; 656434, 3267636; 654460, 3265670; 650416, 3270780; 649882,
3272467; 648348, 3272497; 656434, 3267572; 654381, 3265675; 650435,
3270808; 649840, 3272423; 648370, 3272536; 656423, 3267519; 654201,
3265675; 650453, 3270823; 649800, 3272392; 648391, 3272571; 656400,
3267440; 654092, 3265643; 650483, 3270831; 649725, 3272372; 648435,
3272594; 656405, 3267400; 653979, 3265625; 650518, 3270835; 649657,
3272380; 648488, 3272620; 656437, 3267347; 653883, 3265612; 650728,
3270840; 649602, 3272422; 648525, 3272633; 656484, 3267287; 653780,
3265614; 650935, 3270844; 649580, 3272483; 648571, 3272657; 656516,
3267244; 653730, 3265606; 650956, 3270858; 649573, 3272562; 648628,
3272671; 656521, 3267170; 653621, 3265609; 650963, 3270876; 649577,
3272631; 648666, 3272700; 656474, 3267093; 653518, 3265620; 650955,
3270999; 649578, 3272696; 648702, 3272730; 656442, 3267017; 653431,
3265636; 650949, 3271617; 649579, 3272730; 648720, 3272762; 656418,
3266943; 653259, 3265694; 650944, 3271728; 649590, 3272774; 648725,
3272810; 656352, 3266797; 653092, 3265723; 650938, 3271751; 649615,
3272845; 648720, 3272876; 656307, 3266718; 653005, 3265741; 650871,
3271751; 649630, 3272894; 648702, 3272931; 656304, 3266630; 652949,
3265765; 650756, 3271765; 649641, 3272941; 648675, 3272956; 656352,
3266519; 652910, 3265770; 650668, 3271800; 649622, 3272979; 648611,
3272996; 656368, 3266469; 652846, 3265776; 650598, 3271823; 649585,
3272993; 648561, 3273016; 656370, 3266350; 652762, 3265805; 650534,
3271855; 649547, 3272989; 648513, 3273017; 656326, 3266289; 652611,
3265871; 650450, 3271900; 649488, 3272972; 648465, 3273012; 656267,
3266202; 652441, 3265950; 650390, 3271948; 649431, 3272939; 648407,
3272996; 656212, 3266120; 652277, 3266215; 650354, 3271991; 649370,
3272919; 648373, 3272980; 656154, 3266096; 652045, 3266620; 650328,
3272048; 649303, 3272880; 648315, 3272956; 656027, 3266080; 651936,
3267017; 650320, 3272101; 649255, 3272856; 648255, 3272918; 655915,
3266069; 651915, 3267247; 650319, 3272147; 649208, 3272832; 648215,
3272901; 655815, 3266067; 651920, 3267429; 650321, 3272188; 649151,
3272813; 648180, 3272910; 655728, 3266056; 651965, 3267681; 650324,
3272227; 649102, 3272779; 648155, 3272927; 655640, 3266046; 651994,
3267906; 650334, 3272261; 649059, 3272748; 648127, 3272948; 655566,
3266059;
[[Page 25391]]
652015, 3268141; 650340, 3272304; 649014, 3272718; 648092, 3272969;
655474, 3266067; 652039, 3268276; 650343, 3272399; 648979, 3272676;
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648937, 3272633; 648033, 3273014; 655299, 3266088; 652150, 3268662;
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655188, 3266067; 652150, 3269149; 650320, 3272669; 648850, 3272442;
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648816, 3272377; 647858, 3273007; 655085, 3266003; 651930, 3269315;
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651882, 3269339; 650249, 3272880; 648707, 3272266; 647747, 3272962;
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648588, 3272223; 647649, 3272925; 654923, 3265839; 651698, 3269380;
650119, 3272963; 648546, 3272228; 647607, 3272904; 654891, 3265797;
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647482, 3272860; 654799, 3265718; 651387, 3269443; 650002, 3272857;
648388, 3272288; 647419, 3272837; 654741, 3265673; 650692, 3269583;
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643542, 3274468; 640312, 3278421; 647296, 3272748; 646237, 3271856;
642770, 3271176; 643531, 3274537; 640244, 3278569; 647303, 3272717;
646185, 3271925; 642734, 3271225; 643490, 3274781; 640156, 3278741;
647311, 3272679; 646123, 3271964; 642691, 3271287; 643464, 3274902;
640027, 3278969; 647327, 3272615; 646056, 3271973; 642643, 3271357;
643429, 3274999; 639968, 3279117; 647343, 3272558; 646018, 3271959;
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646064, 3271727; 642441, 3271577; 643135, 3275444; 639259, 3279516;
647352, 3272227; 646067, 3271643; 642421, 3271603; 643040, 3275518;
639100, 3279522; 647324, 3272184; 646069, 3271529; 642392, 3271643;
642974, 3275552; 638902, 3279511; 647295, 3272153; 646069, 3271362;
642373, 3271672; 642898, 3275589; 638764, 3279535; 647248, 3272128;
646063, 3271311; 642353, 3271693; 642616, 3275671; 638608, 3279538;
647182, 3272129; 646022, 3271281; 642337, 3271709; 642247, 3275779;
638484, 3279532; 647114, 3272144; 645986, 3271254; 642289, 3271749;
642079, 3275832; 638346, 3279535; 647036, 3272190; 645930, 3271223;
642249, 3271779; 641934, 3275531; 638280, 3279540; 646976, 3272227;
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646923, 3272299; 645765, 3271184; 642199, 3271833; 641589, 3275692;
638079, 3279609; 646875, 3272345; 645438, 3270963; 642180, 3271858;
641552, 3275729; 637963, 3279614; 646818, 3272387; 645115, 3270753;
642158, 3271888; 641512, 3275782; 637833, 3279620; 646761, 3272395;
645056, 3270710; 642128, 3271927; 641276, 3275137; 637698, 3279612;
646721, 3272394; 644982, 3270675; 642092, 3271978; 641244, 3275024;
637587, 3279598; 646694, 3272380; 644844, 3270663; 642064, 3272028;
641177, 3275143; 637457, 3279564; 646660, 3272352; 644642, 3270653;
642042, 3272070; 641095, 3275431; 637344, 3279527; 646625, 3272302;
643931, 3270638; 642028, 3272112; 641008, 3275656; 637256, 3279509;
646609, 3272228; 643357, 3270644; 642017, 3272151; 640918, 3275868;
637121, 3279509; 646605, 3272170; 643286, 3270644; 642013, 3272188;
640841, 3276087; 636714, 3280017; 646628, 3272066; 643241, 3270646;
642015, 3272211; 640767, 3276188; 636378, 3280437; 646642, 3272017;
643181, 3270650; 642020, 3272256; 640707, 3276267; 636177, 3280707;
646683, 3271964; 643128, 3270643; 642041, 3272320; 640667, 3276447;
636127, 3280776; 646725, 3271910; 643088, 3270640; 642090, 3272415;
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646833, 3271727; 642989, 3270661; 642430, 3272720; 640648, 3276929;
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640516, 3277614; 635915, 3281308; 646524, 3271544; 642851, 3270954;
643315, 3273645; 640484, 3277749; 635896, 3281358; 646471, 3271562;
642851, 3270977; 643375, 3273787; 640450, 3277884; 635867, 3281403;
646431, 3271595; 642851, 3270997; 643450, 3273967; 640418, 3278040;
635843, 3281485; 646375, 3271652; 642839, 3271051; 643500, 3274156;
640386, 3278149; 635830, 3281575; 646314, 3271722; 642828, 3271087;
643534, 3274343; 640355, 3278307; 635820, 3281673; 635825, 3281747;
638638, 3287203; 639148, 3288132; 638471, 3289839; 634471, 3292984;
635833, 3281850; 638661, 3287211; 639148, 3288166; 638479, 3289907;
634328, 3292984; 635849, 3281948; 638659, 3287232; 639148, 3288198;
638487, 3289989; 634225, 3292966; 635851, 3282030; 638638, 3287251;
639148, 3288230; 638492, 3290071; 634116, 3292950; 635859, 3282133;
638616, 3287277; 639159, 3288248; 638492, 3290138; 633987, 3292955;
635870, 3282308; 638606, 3287299; 639162, 3288278; 638511, 3290193;
633778, 3292960; 635883, 3282392; 638587, 3287330; 639177, 3288299;
638513, 3290259; 633529, 3292958; 635910, 3282472; 638574, 3287346;
639177, 3288328; 638518, 3290321; 633360, 3292966; 635955, 3282543;
638569, 3287373; 639183, 3288362; 638503, 3290328; 633254, 3292960;
636079, 3282752; 638582, 3287394; 639183, 3288399; 638413, 3290389;
633119, 3292953; 636659, 3283809; 638598, 3287418; 639185, 3288447;
638334, 3290487; 633008, 3292955; 637249, 3284830; 638603, 3287457;
639183, 3288463; 638231, 3290606; 632854, 3292955; 638090, 3285050;
638601, 3287484; 639151, 3288476; 638154, 3290706; 632706, 3292955;
638095, 3285775; 638579, 3287508; 639109, 3288505; 638104, 3290801;
632545, 3292958; 638106, 3285830; 638564, 3287531; 639069, 3288521;
638038, 3290889; 632431, 3292963; 638124, 3285865; 638611, 3287579;
639024, 3288547; 637966, 3290958; 631918, 3292960; 638238, 3285986;
638661, 3287613; 638963, 3288571; 637887, 3291048; 631505, 3292937;
638463, 3286179; 638730, 3287661; 638929, 3288579; 637799, 3291145;
[[Page 25392]]
631172, 3292953; 638511, 3286227; 638757, 3287696; 638868, 3288585;
637709, 3291225; 630928, 3292950; 638545, 3286254; 638781, 3287730;
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638781, 3287759; 638794, 3288606; 637522, 3291341; 630402, 3292950;
638566, 3286301; 638794, 3287778; 638762, 3288640; 637455, 3291389;
629894, 3292963; 638550, 3286330; 638823, 3287780; 638738, 3288661;
637326, 3291415; 629597, 3292963; 638534, 3286359; 638847, 3287772;
638728, 3288714; 637133, 3291455; 629378, 3292966; 638521, 3286388;
638876, 3287767; 638720, 3288770; 636950, 3291460; 629158, 3292974;
638505, 3286418; 638900, 3287751; 638712, 3288796; 636791, 3291476;
628875, 3292974; 638492, 3286452; 638931, 3287748; 638699, 3288831;
636633, 3291513; 628671, 3292976; 638474, 3286497; 638966, 3287756;
638683, 3288878; 636527, 3291553; 628449, 3292955; 638487, 3286529;
638997, 3287754; 638664, 3288915; 636384, 3291656; 628269, 3292963;
638511, 3286582; 639019, 3287754; 638659, 3288955; 636270, 3291733;
627888, 3292987; 638521, 3286632; 639053, 3287748; 638651, 3289000;
636154, 3291804; 627663, 3292995; 638542, 3286677; 639085, 3287735;
638646, 3289063; 636019, 3291873; 627539, 3293000; 638577, 3286746;
639109, 3287751; 638640, 3289093; 635881, 3291918; 627287, 3292987;
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638529, 3289182; 635484, 3292209; 626716, 3292983; 638654, 3286910;
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638648, 3286944; 639164, 3287891; 638434, 3289294; 635294, 3292431;
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635209, 3292558; 626704, 3291848; 638656, 3286997; 639209, 3287936;
638407, 3289376; 635138, 3292640; 626672, 3291782; 638667, 3287042;
639220, 3287952; 638384, 3289434; 635072, 3292728; 626383, 3291216;
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626357, 3291189; 638646, 3287105; 639188, 3288013; 638378, 3289521;
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638407, 3289590; 634820, 3292926; 626259, 3291118; 638614, 3287166;
639146, 3288082; 638450, 3289696; 634717, 3292950; 626193, 3291062;
638619, 3287188; 639143, 3288114; 638466, 3289762; 634601, 3292974;
626039, 3290978; 625783, 3290904; 619430, 3291391; 614352, 3291188;
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614412, 3291235; 617299, 3293752; 602285, 3305156; 625428, 3290816;
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625309, 3290769; 618844, 3291247; 614572, 3291359; 617304, 3294201;
602426, 3305485; 625187, 3290713; 618774, 3291202; 614637, 3291405;
617055, 3294347; 602458, 3305595; 625071, 3290660; 618631, 3291130;
614747, 3291459; 616732, 3294537; 602524, 3305761; 624992, 3290628;
618511, 3291068; 614805, 3291485; 616462, 3294688; 602574, 3305866;
624896, 3290602; 618383, 3291030; 614848, 3291500; 616177, 3294847;
602645, 3305974; 624756, 3290552; 618268, 3291000; 614920, 3291514;
615777, 3295074; 602772, 3306083; 624653, 3290520; 618138, 3290968;
615018, 3291546; 615526, 3295230; 602944, 3306223; 624566, 3290467;
617965, 3290903; 615106, 3291568; 614981, 3295524; 603254, 3306443;
624452, 3290417; 617816, 3290831; 615161, 3291590; 614825, 3295611;
603275, 3306493; 624351, 3290401; 617686, 3290767; 615211, 3291618;
614610, 3295794; 603240, 3306580; 624222, 3290412; 617638, 3290741;
615265, 3291652; 614502, 3295942; 603209, 3306652; 624055, 3290475;
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623862, 3290591; 617427, 3290606; 615379, 3291714; 614409, 3296363;
603185, 3306802; 623703, 3290703; 617284, 3290522; 615470, 3291765;
614375, 3296527; 603222, 3306874; 623608, 3290798; 617126, 3290448;
615540, 3291813; 614330, 3296760; 603270, 3306961; 623534, 3290890;
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623417, 3290983; 616913, 3290319; 615650, 3291905; 614240, 3297252;
603341, 3307149; 623192, 3291110; 616740, 3290229; 615701, 3291953;
614101, 3297642; 603365, 3307234; 622949, 3291250; 616476, 3290112;
615749, 3291991; 613909, 3298112; 603402, 3307305; 622769, 3291372;
616201, 3290006; 615809, 3292038; 613613, 3298774; 603463, 3307390;
622589, 3291483; 615803, 3289821; 615853, 3292080; 613350, 3299961;
603524, 3307467; 622393, 3291581; 614980, 3289364; 615944, 3292186;
613358, 3300751; 603619, 3307562; 622142, 3291703; 614805, 3289225;
616068, 3292351; 613197, 3300969; 603719, 3307620; 622113, 3291716;
614727, 3289153; 616130, 3292419; 611922, 3301824; 603791, 3307758;
622052, 3291724; 614474, 3289083; 616164, 3292457; 611365, 3302155;
603833, 3307890; 621974, 3291742; 614213, 3289008; 616215, 3292509;
610704, 3302177; 603836, 3308013; 621857, 3291704; 614121, 3288984;
616345, 3292616; 609336, 3302139; 603833, 3308116; 621755, 3291724;
614059, 3289008; 616476, 3292730; 606858, 3302112; 603844, 3308235;
621667, 3291728; 614024, 3289095; 616512, 3292768; 605198, 3302194;
603886, 3308309; 621398, 3291728; 614024, 3289149; 616556, 3292818;
604435, 3302194; 603953, 3308397; 621145, 3291724; 614041, 3289179;
616588, 3292859; 603836, 3302139; 604027, 3308521; 620908, 3291716;
614133, 3289257; 616632, 3292893; 603255, 3302099; 604077, 3308635;
620807, 3291706; 614173, 3289299; 616724, 3292973; 602790, 3302824;
604143, 3308749; 620685, 3291684; 614179, 3289323; 616765, 3293013;
602637, 3303116; 604185, 3308836; 620569, 3291660; 614324, 3289460;
616805, 3293047; 602484, 3303388; 604214, 3308915; 620478, 3291634;
614374, 3289516; 616857, 3293107; 602511, 3303575; 604265, 3308981;
620316, 3291600; 614388, 3289544; 616967, 3293246; 602590, 3303821;
604347, 3309047; 620233, 3291576; 614396, 3289601; 617058, 3293354;
602610, 3304013; 604397, 3309106; 620111, 3291564; 614394, 3289659;
617088, 3293421; 602537, 3304173; 604468, 3309161; 620021, 3291536;
614382, 3289815; 617158, 3293563; 602418, 3304299; 604558, 3309235;
619910, 3291518; 614376, 3290865; 617178, 3293615; 602378, 3304479;
604619, 3309296; 619784, 3291481; 614366, 3291078; 617208, 3293660;
602318, 3304645; 604685, 3309373; 619681, 3291447; 614360, 3291146;
617236, 3293712; 602298, 3304758; 604760, 3309473; 604834, 3309569;
610450, 3313661; 615530, 3310808; 624289, 3306700; 629790, 3304174;
604931, 3309638; 611014, 3313661; 615570, 3310776; 624353, 3306703;
629819, 3304139; 605019, 3309685; 612260, 3313681; 615599, 3310750;
624509, 3306703; 629830, 3304105; 605125, 3309730; 612280, 3313700;
615649, 3310670; 624538, 3306698; 629832, 3304060; 605238, 3309762;
612291, 3313718; 615705, 3310580; 624726, 3306653; 629827, 3303994;
605294, 3309802; 612311, 3313724; 615771, 3310506; 624771, 3306653;
629800, 3303819; 605376, 3309841; 612728, 3313720; 615816, 3310480;
624885, 3306648; 629785, 3303692; 605500, 3309894; 612881, 3313714;
[[Page 25393]]
615863, 3310467; 626065, 3306653; 629991, 3303684; 605580, 3309915;
613134, 3313710; 615919, 3310456; 626147, 3306650; 630258, 3303690;
605654, 3309923; 613565, 3313716; 615990, 3310459; 626218, 3306637;
630303, 3303684; 605728, 3309921; 613567, 3313390; 616099, 3310459;
626274, 3306618; 630351, 3303679; 605794, 3309894; 613569, 3313208;
617152, 3310483; 626332, 3306597; 630406, 3303676; 605873, 3310061;
613577, 3313120; 617199, 3310483; 626374, 3306573; 630909, 3303692;
606548, 3311376; 613598, 3313038; 617231, 3310469; 626393, 3306568;
631055, 3303697; 606715, 3311685; 613633, 3312946; 617274, 3310440;
626416, 3306584; 631081, 3303695; 606858, 3311839; 613741, 3312739;
617303, 3310411; 626440, 3306600; 631113, 3303682; 607514, 3312461;
613995, 3312287; 617316, 3310377; 626827, 3306322; 631115, 3303655;
607580, 3312520; 614014, 3312237; 617326, 3310326; 626906, 3306269;
630570, 3302962; 607818, 3312553; 614022, 3312189; 617345, 3309485;
626964, 3306235; 630502, 3302877; 608049, 3312588; 614024, 3312123;
617350, 3309022; 627533, 3305909; 630473, 3302856; 608560, 3312661;
614016, 3312057; 618559, 3309041; 628062, 3305626; 630404, 3302803;
608554, 3312339; 614011, 3311993; 618845, 3309033; 628517, 3305391;
630314, 3302750; 608550, 3311920; 613852, 3311260; 618993, 3309030;
628541, 3305370; 630266, 3302705; 608841, 3311960; 613839, 3311197;
619009, 3309022; 628750, 3305203; 630224, 3302663; 609712, 3312085;
613839, 3311157; 619433, 3308646; 628806, 3305161; 630187, 3302607;
609759, 3312089; 613845, 3311120; 619544, 3308548; 628829, 3305124;
630147, 3302541; 609771, 3312074; 613858, 3311086; 619589, 3308498;
628853, 3305073; 630097, 3302412; 609810, 3312034; 613874, 3311054;
619877, 3308096; 628856, 3305015; 630070, 3302351; 609843, 3312001;
613900, 3311017; 620112, 3307776; 628859, 3304952; 630023, 3302245;
609859, 3311999; 613961, 3310969; 620144, 3307749; 628859, 3304899;
630002, 3302158; 609881, 3312007; 614244, 3310808; 620573, 3307461;
628861, 3304795; 629954, 3302046; 610160, 3312152; 614265, 3310797;
620607, 3307450; 628872, 3304467; 629925, 3301967; 610519, 3312333;
614302, 3310789; 620663, 3307450; 628880, 3304446; 629875, 3301880;
610354, 3312714; 614339, 3310787; 621426, 3307463; 628901, 3304430;
629843, 3301832; 610234, 3313025; 614387, 3310795; 622280, 3307478;
628933, 3304425; 629779, 3301742; 610197, 3313129; 614427, 3310805;
622284, 3307243; 629237, 3304430; 629639, 3301528; 610191, 3313156;
614482, 3310816; 622297, 3306693; 629253, 3304428; 629599, 3301454;
610187, 3313201; 614522, 3310824; 622300, 3306669; 629269, 3304422;
629576, 3301401; 610146, 3313516; 614551, 3310824; 622315, 3306650;
629398, 3304396; 629570, 3301353; 610146, 3313551; 614728, 3310829;
622334, 3306642; 629470, 3304383; 629570, 3301311; 610156, 3313575;
614866, 3310834; 622360, 3306642; 629517, 3304372; 629575, 3301244;
610173, 3313602; 614956, 3310834; 622990, 3306658; 629541, 3304370;
629786, 3301247; 610199, 3313628; 615390, 3310848; 624035, 3306677;
629568, 3304364; 629919, 3301249; 610238, 3313653; 615419, 3310848;
624093, 3306679; 629599, 3304348; 630509, 3301255; 610272, 3313657;
615453, 3310837; 624157, 3306687; 629642, 3304314; 630583, 3301257;
610364, 3313657; 615496, 3310827; 624228, 3306698; 629756, 3304213;
630628, 3301257 631448, 3301307; 631747, 3301326; 632456, 3301371;
633067, 3301387; 633340, 3301392; 633570, 3301405; 634263, 3301448;
634670, 3301453; 635364, 3301472; 635488, 3301466; 636036, 3301403;
637353, 3301231; 637798, 3301188; 637914, 3301210; 638367, 3301297;
638618, 3301339; 638660, 3301297; 639002, 3300979; 639094, 3300892;
639171, 3300792; 639237, 3300691; 639351, 3300511; 639451, 3300352;
639520, 3300246; 639592, 3300141; 639684, 3300053; 639756, 3300000;
639883, 3299918; 640110, 3299770; 640362, 3299611; 640505, 3299516;
640526, 3299508; 640857, 3299307; 640992, 3299222; 641053, 3299177;
641106, 3299138; 641196, 3299032; 641256, 3298958; 641312, 3298857;
641346, 3298764; 641397, 3298577; 641492, 3298156; 641598, 3297727;
641786, 3296926; 641817, 3296793; 641878, 3296526; 641910, 3296410;
641963, 3296301; 642048, 3296190; 642122, 3296129; 642212, 3296079;
642410, 3295955; 642701, 3295775; 643151, 3295494; 643683, 3295164;
643992, 3294965; 644204, 3294841; 644537, 3294645; 644929, 3294423;
645215, 3294267; 646416, 3293602; 647368, 3293073; 647524, 3292991;
647654, 3292933; 647747, 3292909; 647834, 3292893; 647974, 3292891;
648141, 3292912; 648382, 3292944; 648633, 3292975; 648850, 3293010;
648974, 3293002; 649083, 3292973; 649202, 3292920; 649398, 3292772;
650030, 3292301; 650324, 3292078; 650463, 3291968; 650463, 3291968;
650485, 3291951; 650488, 3291956; 650594, 3291874; 650718, 3291776;
651902, 3290871; 652074, 3290751; 652254, 3290616; 652754, 3290235;
653114, 3289968; 653395, 3289756; 653482, 3289677; 653551, 3289605;
653614, 3289529; 653717, 3289354; 653847, 3289132; 654008, 3288859;
654077, 3288756; 654132, 3288699; 654212, 3288622; 654335, 3288519;
654614, 3288307; 654979, 3288054; 655678, 3287500; 656114, 3287199;
656412, 3286986; 656681, 3286785; 656747, 3286748; 656841, 3286704;
657001, 3286638; 657063, 328661.
(ii) Map of Unit 3, Lower Atchafalaya River Basin, follows:
BILLING CODE 4310-55-P
[[Page 25394]]
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP06MY08.116
[[Page 25395]]
* * * * *
Dated: April 24, 2008.
Lyle Laverty,
Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and Parks.
[FR Doc. E8-9635 Filed 5-5-08; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4310-55-C