Monitoring
In recognition of continental declines in both scaup and scoters, Alaska Interior-wide surveys were started in 2014, including on Kanuti Refuge. The Alaska Migratory Birds Office completes annual statewide surveys in the spring for breeding pairs of dabbling ducks and other waterbirds, but because scaup and scoters are best observed later than are dabblers, a separate survey was necessary to capture these later-arriving diving and sea ducks.