Drosophila heteroneura, in the family Drosophilidae, is a picture-wing fly endemic mesic and wet montane habitats on the island of Hawaii. Drosophila heteroneura has very large spots on the bases of the wings and the males have a broad head with the eyes situated laterally, giving them a hammerhead appearance. The hammer-shaped head and entirely yellow face differentiate it from D. silvestris, a closely related species. The thorax is predominantly yellow with several black streaks and markings on top. The legs are yellow except for slight tinges of brown on the ends of the middle and hind femora and tibiae. The wings are hyaline (transparent) and are very similar in markings and venation (vein markings) to those of D. silvestris, except that the marking in the front margin of the wing of D. heteroneura extends nearly to the marking at the end of the wing. The abdomen is shiny black with a large yellow spot on the top of each segment. This species is about 0.22 in (5.7 mm) in length with wings approximately 0.3 in (7.0 mm) long (Kaneshiro and Kaneshiro 1995). Drosophila heteroneura larvae primarily inhabit the decomposing bark and stems of Clermontia sp. (family Campanulaceae), including C. clermontioides, and Delissea sp. (family Campanulaceae), but it is also known to feed within decomposing portions of Cheirodendron sp. (family Araliaceae) in open mesic and wet forest habitat (Kaneshiro and Kaneshiro 1995). The picture wing group is divided into four major subgroups based on maps of chromosomal inversions. Drosophila heteroneura is in the plantitibia subgroup (Edwards et al., 2007).